P49450D6W544Q53T74Q9BVW2CENPA_HUMANHistone H3-like centromeric protein ACentromere autoantigen ACentromere protein ACENP-ACENPAHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoHuman CENP-A contains a histone H3 related histone fold domain that is required for targeting to the centromere.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] (ISOFORM 1)Cloning of human full-length CDSs in BD Creator(TM) system donor vector.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORM 1)Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORMS 1 AND 2)Assembly of CENP-A into centromeric chromatin requires a cooperative array of nucleosomal DNA contact sites.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] OF 1-33SUBUNITAutoepitopes on autoantigen centromere protein-A (CENP-A) are restricted to the N-terminal region, which has no homology with histone H3.IDENTIFICATION OF AUTOANTIGENIC EPITOPESDegradation of nucleosome-associated centromeric histone H3-like protein CENP-A induced by herpes simplex virus type 1 protein ICP0.UBIQUITINATIONINTERACTION WITH HSV-1 ICP0CENP-A is phosphorylated by Aurora B kinase and plays an unexpected role in completion of cytokinesis.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-7MUTAGENESIS OF SER-7CENP-A phosphorylation by Aurora-A in prophase is required for enrichment of Aurora-B at inner centromeres and for kinetochore function.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-7MUTAGENESIS OF SER-7Chromosome size and origin as determinants of the level of CENP-A incorporation into human centromeres.SUBCELLULAR LOCATIONCentromeric chromatin exhibits a histone modification pattern that is distinct from both euchromatin and heterochromatin.SUBCELLULAR LOCATIONStructural determinants for generating centromeric chromatin.SUBUNITDOMAIN CATDGlobal, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]The human CENP-A centromeric nucleosome-associated complex.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYIDENTIFICATION IN THE CENPA-NAC COMPLEX WITH CENPC; CENPH; CENPM; CENPN; CENPT AND CENPUCo-localization of CENP-C and CENP-H to discontinuous domains of CENP-A chromatin at human neocentromeres.SUBCELLULAR LOCATIONAurora-C and Aurora-B share phosphorylation and regulation of CENP-A and Borealin during mitosis.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-7Assembly of the inner kinetochore proteins CENP-A and CENP-B in living human cells.SUBCELLULAR LOCATIONLive-cell imaging reveals sustained centromere binding of CENP-T via CENP-A and CENP-B.INTERACTION WITH CENPTThree-dimensional localization of CENP-A suggests a complex higher order structure of centromeric chromatin.SUBCELLULAR LOCATIONA quantitative atlas of mitotic phosphorylation.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-17; SER-19 AND SER-27IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Centromere-specific assembly of CENP-A nucleosomes is mediated by HJURP.INTERACTION WITH HJURPHJURP is a cell-cycle-dependent maintenance and deposition factor of CENP-A at centromeres.INTERACTION WITH HJURPCancer-upregulated gene 2 (CUG2), a new component of centromere complex, is required for kinetochore function.IDENTIFICATION IN COMPLEX WITH CENPT AND CENPWCentromere assembly requires the direct recognition of CENP-A nucleosomes by CENP-N.INTERACTION WITH CENPNThe C-terminal domain of CENP-C displays multiple and critical functions for mammalian centromere formation.INTERACTION WITH CENPCSystem-wide temporal characterization of the proteome and phosphoproteome of human embryonic stem cell differentiation.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-17; SER-19 AND SER-27IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Toward a comprehensive characterization of a human cancer cell phosphoproteome.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-17 AND SER-19IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-17 AND SER-19IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]The structure of (CENP-A-H4)(2) reveals physical features that mark centromeres.X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (2.5 ANGSTROMS)FUNCTIONSUBCELLULAR LOCATIONSUBUNITStructure of a CENP-A-histone H4 heterodimer in complex with chaperone HJURP.X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (2.6 ANGSTROMS) IN COMPLEX WITH HJURP AND HISTONE H4FUNCTIONSUBUNITHistone H3-like variant which exclusively replaces conventional H3 in the nucleosome core of centromeric chromatin at the inner plate of the kinetochore. Required for recruitment and assembly of kinetochore proteins, mitotic progression and chromosome segregation. May serve as an epigenetic mark that propagates centromere identity through replication and cell division. The CENPA-H4 heterotetramer can bind DNA by itself (in vitro).Forms a nucleosome-like histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, CENPA and H4 assembled in one CENPA-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. Nucleosomes containing CENPA also contain histone H2A variants such as macroH2A H2AFY and H2A.Z/H2AFZ. The CENPA-H4 heterotetramer is more compact and structurally more rigid than corresponding H3-H4 heterotetramers. Heterotrimer composed of HJURP, CENPA and histone H4, where HJURP interacts with the dimer formed by CENPA and histone H4 and prevents tetramerization of CENPA and H4. Component of the CENPA-NAC complex, at least composed of CENPA, CENPC, CENPH, CENPM, CENPN, CENPT and CENPU. Interacts (via CATD domain) with HJURP; the interaction is direct and is required for its localization to centromeres. Interacts with CENPC, CENPN and CENPT; interaction is direct. Interacts directly with herpes virus HSV-1 ICP0 protein. Part of a centromere complex consisting of CENPA, CENPT and CENPW.P62805false4Q8NCD3false15NucleusChromosomeCentromereKinetochoreLocalizes exclusively in the kinetochore domain of centromeres. Occupies a compact domain at the inner kinetochore plate stretching across 2 thirds of the length of the constriction but encompassing only one third of the constriction width and height.P49450-11P49450-22No experimental confirmation available.The CATD (CENPA targeting domain) region is responsible for the more compact structure of nucleosomes containing CENPA and is necessary and sufficient to mediate the localization into centromeres.Ubiquitinated (Probable). Interaction with herpes virus HSV-1 ICP0 protein, leads to its degradation by the proteasome pathway.Phosphorylation of Ser-7 by AURKA and AURKB during prophase is required for localization of AURKA and AURKB at inner centromere and is essential for kinetochore function. Initial phosphorylation during prophase is mediated by AURKA and is maintained by AURKB.Poly-ADP-ribosylated by PARP1.Antibodies against CENPA are present in sera from patients with autoimmune diseases that developed autoantibodies against centrosomal proteins.Belongs to the histone H3 family.3D-structureADP-ribosylationAlternative splicingCentromereChromosomeComplete proteomeDNA-bindingHost-virus interactionKinetochoreNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteomeUbl conjugationSA
MGPRRRSRKPEAPRRRSPSPTPTPGPSRRGPSLGASSHQHSRRRQGWLKEIRKLQKSTHL
LIRKLPFSRLAREICVKFTRGVDFNWQAQALLALQEAAEAFLVHLFEDAYLLTLHAGRVT
LFPKDVQLARRIRGLEEGLG
P07305B2R6I0B4DRD6Q6FG88Q8N6R3H10_HUMANHistone H1.0Histone H1'Histone H1(0)Histone H1.0, N-terminally processedH1F0H1FVHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoDifferential distribution of lysine and arginine residues in the closely related histones H1 and H5. Analysis of a human H1 gene.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] (ISOFORM 1)A genome annotation-driven approach to cloning the human ORFeome.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORM 1)Cloning of human full open reading frames in Gateway(TM) system entry vector (pDONR201).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORM 1)Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORMS 1 AND 2)The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORM 1)Evidence for insertional RNA editing in humans.PARTIAL PROTEIN SEQUENCE (RNA EDITED VERSION)IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYRNA EDITINGSUBCELLULAR LOCATIONINDUCTIONThe microheterogeneity of the mammalian H1(0) histone. Evidence for an age-dependent deamidation.ACETYLATION AT THR-2CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINEDEAMIDATION AT ASN-4Lys-N and trypsin cover complementary parts of the phosphoproteome in a refined SCX-based approach.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT MET-1 AND THR-2CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINE [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Initial characterization of the human central proteome.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]N-terminal acetylome analyses and functional insights of the N-terminal acetyltransferase NatB.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structures. The H1F0 histones are found in cells that are in terminal stages of differentiation or that have low rates of cell division.P04014true2NucleusChromosomeThe RNA edited version has been localized to nuclear speckles. During mitosis, it appears in the vicinity of condensed chromosomes.P07305-11P07305-22Both the unedited and the RNA edited versions are induced by butyrate (at protein level). Only RNA edited version is induced by DTT, vinblastine or TNF (at protein level).Phosphorylated on Ser-17 in RNA edited version.Partially edited. In approximately 3.6% of the mRNA molecules, a new initiator methionine is created by a single uridine insertion in the 5'-UTR, causing an N-terminal extension of 99 amino acids. The existence of the RNA edited version is supported by direct protein sequencing by MS/MS of the following peptides specific to that version: 12-21; 22-33; 37-47; 48-67; 68-83; 84-94 and 97-113. The RNA edited version is called ET-H1.0.Belongs to the histone H1/H5 family.Contains 1 H15 (linker histone H1/H5 globular) domain.Histone H1 entryAcetylationAlternative splicingChromosomeCitrullinationComplete proteomeDirect protein sequencingDNA-bindingNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteomeRNA editingMMLGKGRQRRRRQRQRQSPVPRPSDRPAGLGLAKPARRALPTPEPGRKSSDSSLASPGAALQTGPVVRGSGADPEAGFAQPPTRAGPLEGAFNSRTRQATMDH
MTENSTSAPAAKPKRAKASKKSTDHPKYSDMIVAAIQAEKNRAGSSRQSIQKYIKSHYKV
GENADSQIKLSIKRLVTTGVLKQTKGVGASGSFRLAKSDEPKKSVAFKKTKKEIKKVATP
KKASKPKKAASKAPTKKPKATPVKKAKKKLAATPKKAKKPKTVKAKPVKASKPKKAKPVK
PKAKSSAKRAGKKK
Q02539Q3MJ34H11_HUMANHistone H1.1Histone H1aHIST1H1AH1F1Homo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoHuman H1 histones: conserved and varied sequence elements in two H1 subtype genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]A proposal for a coherent mammalian histone H1 nomenclature correlated with amino acid sequences.NOMENCLATUREThe C-terminal domain is the primary determinant of histone H1 binding to chromatin in vivo.DOMAINMUTAGENESIS OF THR-152 AND SER-183H1 family histones in the nucleus. Control of binding and localization by the C-terminal domain.SUBCELLULAR LOCATIONHistone H1 subtype preferences of DFF40 and possible nuclear localization of DFF40/45 in normal and trichostatin A-treated NB4 leukemic cells.INTERACTION WITH DFFBInitial characterization of the human central proteome.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Histone H1 protein binds to linker DNA between nucleosomes forming the macromolecular structure known as the chromatin fiber. Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structured fibers. Acts also as a regulator of individual gene transcription through chromatin remodeling, nucleosome spacing and DNA methylation (By similarity).Interacts with DFFB.Q57V41true2NucleusChromosomeMainly localizes in euchromatin.The C-terminal domain is required for high-affinity binding to chromatin.H1 histones are progressively phosphorylated during the cell cycle, becoming maximally phosphorylated during late G2 phase and M phase, and being dephosphorylated sharply thereafter.Citrullination at Arg-57 (H1R54ci) by PADI4 takes place within the DNA-binding site of H1 and results in its displacement from chromatin and global chromatin decondensation, thereby promoting pluripotency and stem cell maintenance.Belongs to the histone H1/H5 family.Contains 1 H15 (linker histone H1/H5 globular) domain.AcetylationChromosomeCitrullinationComplete proteomeDNA-bindingNucleusPhosphoproteinPolymorphismReference proteomeTISFKRTESE
MSETVPPAPAASAAPEKPLAGKKAKKPAKAAAASKKKPAGPSVSELIVQAASSSKERGGV
SLAALKKALAAAGYDVEKNNSRIKLGIKSLVSKGTLVQTKGTGASGSFKLNKKASSVETK
PGASKVATKTKATGASKKLKKATGASKKSVKTPKKAKKPAATRKSSKNPKKPKTVKPKKV
AKSPAKAKAVKPKAAKARVTKPKTAKPKKAAPKKK
P16403A8K4I2H12_HUMANHistone H1.2Histone H1cHistone H1dHistone H1s-1HIST1H1CH1F2Homo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoHuman H1 histones: conserved and varied sequence elements in two H1 subtype genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Human protein factory for converting the transcriptome into an in vitro-expressed proteome.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Human spleen histone H1. Isolation and amino acid sequences of three minor variants, H1a, H1c, and H1d.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-213PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-17; 34-46; 55-75 AND 86-97CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINEACETYLATION AT SER-2METHYLATION AT LYS-34IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYPROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-17; 34-46; 55-63 AND 65-75CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINEACETYLATION AT SER-2IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYA proposal for a coherent mammalian histone H1 nomenclature correlated with amino acid sequences.NOMENCLATUREThe distribution of somatic H1 subtypes is non-random on active vs. inactive chromatin: distribution in human fetal fibroblasts.SUBCELLULAR LOCATIONH1 family histones in the nucleus. Control of binding and localization by the C-terminal domain.SUBCELLULAR LOCATIONGlobal, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Tryptic digestion of ubiquitin standards reveals an improved strategy for identifying ubiquitinated proteins by mass spectrometry.UBIQUITINATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT LYS-206A quantitative atlas of mitotic phosphorylation.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Lys-N and trypsin cover complementary parts of the phosphoproteome in a refined SCX-based approach.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-2CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINE [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Histone H1 variant-specific lysine methylation by G9a/KMT1C and Glp1/KMT1D.METHYLATION AT LYS-187 BY EHMT1 AND EHMT2MUTAGENESIS OF LYS-187IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYQuantitative phosphoproteomics reveals widespread full phosphorylation site occupancy during mitosis.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-2PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-2 AND THR-146CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINE [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Initial characterization of the human central proteome.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Identification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.CROTONYLATION AT LYS-34; LYS-64; LYS-85; LYS-90; LYS-97; LYS-159 AND LYS-168System-wide temporal characterization of the proteome and phosphoproteome of human embryonic stem cell differentiation.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-2PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-2CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINE [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Comparative large-scale characterisation of plant vs. mammal proteins reveals similar and idiosyncratic N-alpha acetylation features.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-2CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINE [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]N-terminal acetylome analyses and functional insights of the N-terminal acetyltransferase NatB.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-2CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINE [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Toward a comprehensive characterization of a human cancer cell phosphoproteome.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]N-terminome analysis of the human mitochondrial proteome.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-2CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINE [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Histone H1 protein binds to linker DNA between nucleosomes forming the macromolecular structure known as the chromatin fiber. Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structured fibers. Acts also as a regulator of individual gene transcription through chromatin remodeling, nucleosome spacing and DNA methylation (By similarity).NucleusChromosomeMainly localizes in euchromatin. Distribution goes in parallel with DNA concentration.The C-terminal domain is required for high-affinity binding to chromatin.H1 histones are progressively phosphorylated during the cell cycle, becoming maximally phosphorylated during late G2 phase and M phase, and being dephosphorylated sharply thereafter.Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.Citrullination at Arg-54 (H1R54ci) by PADI4 takes place within the DNA-binding site of H1 and results in its displacement from chromatin and global chromatin decondensation, thereby promoting pluripotency and stem cell maintenance.Belongs to the histone H1/H5 family.Contains 1 H15 (linker histone H1/H5 globular) domain.AcetylationChromosomeCitrullinationComplete proteomeDirect protein sequencingDNA-bindingIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleusPhosphoproteinPolymorphismReference proteomeUbl conjugationAVSAGAKR
MSETAPAAPAAAPPAEKAPVKKKAAKKAGGTPRKASGPPVSELITKAVAASKERSGVSLA
ALKKALAAAGYDVEKNNSRIKLGLKSLVSKGTLVQTKGTGASGSFKLNKKAASGEAKPKV
KKAGGTKPKKPVGAAKKPKKAAGGATPKKSAKKTPKKAKKPAAATVTKKVAKSPKKAKVA
KPKKAAKSAAKAVKPKAAKPKVVKPKKAAPKKK
P16402B2R751Q2M2I2H13_HUMANHistone H1.3Histone H1cHistone H1s-2HIST1H1DH1F3Homo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoIsolation and characterization of two human H1 histone genes within clusters of core histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Human spleen histone H1. Isolation and amino acid sequences of three minor variants, H1a, H1c, and H1d.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-221A proposal for a coherent mammalian histone H1 nomenclature correlated with amino acid sequences.NOMENCLATUREThe distribution of somatic H1 subtypes is non-random on active vs. inactive chromatin: distribution in human fetal fibroblasts.SUBCELLULAR LOCATIONDistribution of somatic H1 subtypes is non-random on active vs. inactive chromatin II: distribution in human adult fibroblasts.SUBCELLULAR LOCATIONH1 family histones in the nucleus. Control of binding and localization by the C-terminal domain.SUBCELLULAR LOCATIONGlobal, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT THR-18IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Lys-N and trypsin cover complementary parts of the phosphoproteome in a refined SCX-based approach.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-2CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINE [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Initial characterization of the human central proteome.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]System-wide temporal characterization of the proteome and phosphoproteome of human embryonic stem cell differentiation.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-2PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-2 AND THR-18CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINE [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Comparative large-scale characterisation of plant vs. mammal proteins reveals similar and idiosyncratic N-alpha acetylation features.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-2CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINE [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Toward a comprehensive characterization of a human cancer cell phosphoproteome.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT THR-18IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]N-terminome analysis of the human mitochondrial proteome.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-2CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINE [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Histone H1 protein binds to linker DNA between nucleosomes forming the macromolecular structure known as the chromatin fiber. Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structured fibers. Acts also as a regulator of individual gene transcription through chromatin remodeling, nucleosome spacing and DNA methylation (By similarity).NucleusChromosomeAccording to PubMed:15911621 more commonly found in euchromatin. According to PubMed:10997781 is associated with inactive chromatin.The C-terminal domain is required for high-affinity binding to chromatin.H1 histones are progressively phosphorylated during the cell cycle, becoming maximally phosphorylated during late G2 phase and M phase, and being dephosphorylated sharply thereafter.Citrullination at Arg-55 (H1R54ci) by PADI4 takes place within the DNA-binding site of H1 and results in its displacement from chromatin and global chromatin decondensation, thereby promoting pluripotency and stem cell maintenance.Belongs to the histone H1/H5 family.Contains 1 H15 (linker histone H1/H5 globular) domain.AcetylationChromosomeCitrullinationComplete proteomeDirect protein sequencingDNA-bindingNucleusPhosphoproteinPolymorphismReference proteomeEK
MSETAPLAPTIPAPAEKTPVKKKAKKAGATAGKRKASGPPVSELITKAVAASKERSGVSL
AALKKALAAAGYDVEKNNSRIKLGLKSLVSKGTLVQTKGTGASGSFKLNKKAASGEGKPK
AKKAGAAKPRKPAGAAKKPKKVAGAATPKKSIKKTPKKVKKPATAAGTKKVAKSAKKVKT
PQPKKAAKSPAKAKAPKPKAAKPKSGKPKVTKAKKAAPKKK
P10412Q4VB25H14_HUMANHistone H1.4Histone H1bHistone H1s-4HIST1H1EH1F4Homo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoIsolation and characterization of two human H1 histone genes within clusters of core histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Human spleen histone H1. Isolation and amino acid sequence of a main variant, H1b.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-219METHYLATION AT LYS-26The distribution of somatic H1 subtypes is non-random on active vs. inactive chromatin: distribution in human fetal fibroblasts.SUBCELLULAR LOCATIONHuman SirT1 interacts with histone H1 and promotes formation of facultative heterochromatin.ACETYLATION AT LYS-26H1 family histones in the nucleus. Control of binding and localization by the C-terminal domain.SUBCELLULAR LOCATIONGlobal, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT THR-18 AND SER-187IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Kinase-selective enrichment enables quantitative phosphoproteomics of the kinome across the cell cycle.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT THR-18IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]A quantitative atlas of mitotic phosphorylation.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT THR-18IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Lys-N and trypsin cover complementary parts of the phosphoproteome in a refined SCX-based approach.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-2CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINE [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Quantitative phosphoproteomics reveals widespread full phosphorylation site occupancy during mitosis.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-2PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT THR-18; THR-146 AND SER-187CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINE [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Initial characterization of the human central proteome.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]System-wide temporal characterization of the proteome and phosphoproteome of human embryonic stem cell differentiation.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-2PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT THR-18 AND SER-187CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINE [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Comparative large-scale characterisation of plant vs. mammal proteins reveals similar and idiosyncratic N-alpha acetylation features.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-2CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINE [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]N-terminal acetylome analyses and functional insights of the N-terminal acetyltransferase NatB.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-2CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINE [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Toward a comprehensive characterization of a human cancer cell phosphoproteome.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT THR-18IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT THR-18IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]N-terminome analysis of the human mitochondrial proteome.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-2CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINE [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]The consensus coding sequences of human breast and colorectal cancers.VARIANT [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] VAL-128Histone H1 protein binds to linker DNA between nucleosomes forming the macromolecular structure known as the chromatin fiber. Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structured fibers. Acts also as a regulator of individual gene transcription through chromatin remodeling, nucleosome spacing and DNA methylation (By similarity).Q9Y468false7P16333false2NucleusChromosomeMainly localizes in heterochromatin. Dysplays a punctuate staining pattern in the nucleus.The C-terminal domain is required for high-affinity binding to chromatin.H1 histones are progressively phosphorylated during the cell cycle, becoming maximally phosphorylated during late G2 phase and M phase, and being dephosphorylated sharply thereafter.Acetylated at Lys-26. Deacetylated at Lys-26 by SIRT1.Citrullination at Arg-54 (H1R54ci) by PADI4 takes place within the DNA-binding site of H1 and results in its displacement from chromatin and global chromatin decondensation, thereby promoting pluripotency and stem cell maintenance.This variant accounts for 60% of histone H1.Belongs to the histone H1/H5 family.Contains 1 H15 (linker histone H1/H5 globular) domain.3D-structureAcetylationChromosomeCitrullinationComplete proteomeDirect protein sequencingDNA-bindingIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleusPhosphoproteinPolymorphismReference proteomeUbl conjugationAVKR
MSETAPAAPAAPAPAEKTPVKKKARKSAGAAKRKASGPPVSELITKAVAASKERSGVSLA
ALKKALAAAGYDVEKNNSRIKLGLKSLVSKGTLVQTKGTGASGSFKLNKKAASGEAKPKA
KKAGAAKAKKPAGAAKKPKKATGAATPKKSAKKTPKKAKKPAAAAGAKKAKSPKKAKAAK
PKKAPKSPAKAKAVKPKAAKPKTAKPKAAKPKKAAAKKK
P16401Q14529Q3MJ42H15_HUMANHistone H1.5Histone H1aHistone H1bHistone H1s-3HIST1H1BH1F5Homo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoCharacterization of the H1.5 gene completes the set of human H1 subtype genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]TISSUE SPECIFICITYThe human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Human spleen histone H1. Isolation and amino acid sequences of three minor variants, H1a, H1c, and H1d.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-226PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-17; 37-49; 58-78 AND 89-100CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINEACETYLATION AT SER-2IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYThe distribution of somatic H1 subtypes is non-random on active vs. inactive chromatin: distribution in human fetal fibroblasts.SUBCELLULAR LOCATIONDistribution of somatic H1 subtypes is non-random on active vs. inactive chromatin II: distribution in human adult fibroblasts.SUBCELLULAR LOCATIONH1 family histones in the nucleus. Control of binding and localization by the C-terminal domain.SUBCELLULAR LOCATIONGlobal, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Histone H1 phosphorylation occurs site-specifically during interphase and mitosis: identification of a novel phosphorylation site on histone H1.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-11; SER-18; THR-138; THR-155; SER-173 AND SER-189A quantitative atlas of mitotic phosphorylation.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT THR-11; SER-18 AND THR-39IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Lys-N and trypsin cover complementary parts of the phosphoproteome in a refined SCX-based approach.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-2CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINE [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]M phase-specific phosphorylation of histone H1.5 at threonine 10 by GSK-3.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-11 BY GSK3BMapping of lysine monomethylation of linker histones in human breast and its cancer.METHYLATION AT LYS-27Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of T cell receptor signaling reveals system-wide modulation of protein-protein interactions.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-18IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT LYS-168IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Quantitative phosphoproteomics reveals widespread full phosphorylation site occupancy during mitosis.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-2PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-18 AND THR-138CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINE [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Initial characterization of the human central proteome.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]System-wide temporal characterization of the proteome and phosphoproteome of human embryonic stem cell differentiation.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-2PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-2; SER-18 AND THR-138CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINE [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Comparative large-scale characterisation of plant vs. mammal proteins reveals similar and idiosyncratic N-alpha acetylation features.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-2CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINE [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]N-terminal acetylome analyses and functional insights of the N-terminal acetyltransferase NatB.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-2CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINE [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Toward a comprehensive characterization of a human cancer cell phosphoproteome.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT THR-11 AND SER-18IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-18IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]N-terminome analysis of the human mitochondrial proteome.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-2CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINE [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]The consensus coding sequences of human breast and colorectal cancers.VARIANT [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] ASP-86Histone H1 protein binds to linker DNA between nucleosomes forming the macromolecular structure known as the chromatin fiber. Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structured fibers. Acts also as a regulator of individual gene transcription through chromatin remodeling, nucleosome spacing and DNA methylation (By similarity).NucleusChromosomeAccording to PubMed:15911621 more commonly found in heterochromatin. According to PubMed:10997781 associates with actively transcribed chromatin and not heterochromatin.Ubiquitous. Expressed in the majority of the cell lines tested and in testis.The C-terminal domain is required for high-affinity binding to chromatin.H1 histones are progressively phosphorylated during the cell cycle, becoming maximally phosphorylated during late G2 phase and M phase, and being dephosphorylated sharply thereafter (By similarity). Phosphorylated at Thr-11 by GSK3B during mitosis in prometaphase and dephosphorylated in telophase.Citrullination at Arg-57 (H1R54ci) by PADI4 takes place within the DNA-binding site of H1 and results in its displacement from chromatin and global chromatin decondensation, thereby promoting pluripotency and stem cell maintenance.Belongs to the histone H1/H5 family.Contains 1 H15 (linker histone H1/H5 globular) domain.3D-structureAcetylationChromosomeCitrullinationComplete proteomeDirect protein sequencingDNA-bindingIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleusPhosphoproteinPolymorphismReference proteomeUbl conjugationGDKRAT
MSETAPAETATPAPVEKSPAKKKATKKAAGAGAAKRKATGPPVSELITKAVAASKERNGL
SLAALKKALAAGGYDVEKNNSRIKLGLKSLVSKGTLVQTKGTGASGSFKLNKKAASGEAK
PKAKKAGAAKAKKPAGATPKKAKKAAGAKKAVKKTPKKAKKPAAAGVKKVAKSPKKAKAA
AKPKKATKSPAKPKAVKPKAAKPKAAKPKAAKPKAAKAKKAAAKKK
Q75WM6Q147U8Q5GKZ5Q7Z694H1FNT_HUMANTestis-specific H1 histoneHaploid germ cell-specific nuclear protein 1Histone H1t2H1FNTHANP1Homo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoNUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA]The finished DNA sequence of human chromosome 12.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]VARIANT GLN-174Expression profiles and single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis of human HANP1/H1T2 encoding a histone H1-like protein.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] OF 17-255FUNCTIONTISSUE SPECIFICITYVARIANTS GLY-84; PRO-108; SER-136; GLN-174 AND PHE-237Polar nuclear localization of H1T2, a histone H1 variant, required for spermatid elongation and DNA condensation during spermiogenesis.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] OF 22-255Essential for normal spermatogenesis and male fertility. Required for proper cell restructuring and DNA condensation during the elongation phase of spermiogenesis. Involved in the histone-protamine transition of sperm chromatin and the subsequent production of functional sperm. Binds both double-stranded and single-stranded DNA, ATP and protamine-1 (By similarity).NucleusChromosomeIn round and elongating spermatids, specifically localizes to a chromatin domain at the apical pole.Testis-specific.Belongs to the histone H1/H5 family.It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-22 is the initiator.ATP-bindingChromosomeComplete proteomeDevelopmental proteinDifferentiationDNA condensationDNA-bindingNucleotide-bindingNucleusPhosphoproteinPolymorphismReference proteomeSpermatogenesisRGLPRSRQRQSFKN
MEQALTGEAQSRWPRRGGSGAMAEAPGPSGESRGHSATQLPAEKTVGGPSRGCSSSVLRV
SQLVLQAISTHKGLTLAALKKELRNAGYEVRRKSGRHEAPRGQAKATLLRVSGSDAAGYF
RVWKVPKPRRKPGRARQEEGTRAPWRTPAAPRSSRRRRQPLRKAARKAREVWRRNARAKA
KANARARRTRRARPRAKEPPCARAKEEAGATAADEGRGQAVKEDTTPRSGKDKRRSSKPR
EEKQEPKKPAQRTIQ
Q8IZA3Q86WT7H1FOO_HUMANHistone H1ooOocyte-specific histone H1Oocyte-specific linker histone H1osH1H1FOOH1OOOSH1Homo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoStructure and expression of the human oocyte-specific histone H1 gene elucidated by direct RT-nested PCR of a single oocyte.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] (ISOFORM 1)TISSUE SPECIFICITYNUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORM 2)May play a key role in the control of gene expression during oogenesis and early embryogenesis, presumably through the perturbation of chromatin structure. Essential for meiotic maturation of germinal vesicle-stage oocytes. The somatic type linker histone H1c is rapidly replaced by H1oo in a donor nucleus transplanted into an oocyte. The greater mobility of H1oo as compared to H1c may contribute to this rapid replacement and increased instability of the embryonic chromatin structure. The rapid replacement of H1c with H1oo may play an important role in nuclear remodeling (By similarity).CytoplasmNucleusChromosomeQ8IZA3-11Q8IZA3-22Oocyte-specific.Belongs to the histone H1/H5 family.Contains 1 H15 (linker histone H1/H5 globular) domain.Alternative splicingChromosomeComplete proteomeCytoplasmDNA-bindingMeiosisNucleusPolymorphismReference proteomeNS
MAPGSVTSDISPSSTSTAGSSRSPESEKPGPSHGGVPPGGPSHSSLPVGRRHPPVLRMVL
EALQAGEQRRGTSVAAIKLYILHKYPTVDVLRFKYLLKQALATGMRRGLLARPLNSKARG
ATGSFKLVPKHKKKIQPRKMAPATAPRRAGEAKGKGPKKPSEAKEDPPNVGKVKKAAKRP
AKVQKPPPKPGAATEKARKQGGAAKDTRAQSGEARKVPPKPDKAMRAPSSAGGLSRKAKA
KGSRSSQGDAEAYRKTKAESKSSKPTASKVKNGAASPTKKKVVAKAKAPKAGQGPNTKAA
APAKGSGSKVVPAHLSRKTEAPKGPRKAGLPIKASSSKVSSQRAEA
P22492Q6ISI1Q8IUE8H1T_HUMANHistone H1tTesticular H1 histoneHIST1H1TH1FTH1THomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoStructure and expression of the human gene encoding testicular H1 histone (H1t).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]TISSUE SPECIFICITYVARIANT LEU-14Primate testicular histone H1t genes are highly conserved and the human H1t gene is located on chromosome 6.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]TISSUE SPECIFICITYDEVELOPMENTAL STAGEVARIANT LYS-178The human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Relaxed chromatin formation and weak suppression of homologous pairing by the testis-specific linker histone H1T.FUNCTIONTestis-specific histone H1 that forms less compacted chromatin compared to other H1 histone subtypes (PubMed:26757249). Formation of more relaxed chromatin may be required to promote chromatin architecture required for proper chromosome regulation during meiosis, such as homologous recombination (PubMed:26757249). Histones H1 act as linkers that bind to nucleosomes and compact polynucleosomes into a higher-order chromatin configuration (Probable).NucleusChromosomeTestis-specific.This histone is a testis-specific H1 variant that appears during meiosis in spermatogenesis.Phosphorylated in early spermatids.Citrullination at Arg-58 (H1R54ci) by PADI4 takes place within the DNA-binding site of H1 and results in its displacement from chromatin and global chromatin decondensation, thereby promoting pluripotency and stem cell maintenance.Belongs to the histone H1/H5 family.Contains 1 H15 (linker histone H1/H5 globular) domain.ChromosomeCitrullinationComplete proteomeDevelopmental proteinDifferentiationDNA-bindingNucleusPhosphoproteinPolymorphismReference proteomeSpermatogenesisVLLFQK
MSETVPAASASAGVAAMEKLPTKKRGRKPAGLISASRKVPNLSVSKLITEALSVSQERVG
MSLVALKKALAAAGYDVEKNNSRIKLSLKSLVNKGILVQTRGTGASGSFKLSKKVIPKST
RSKAKKSVSAKTKKLVLSRDSKSPKTAKTNKRAKKPRATTPKTVRSGRKAKGAKGKQQQK
SPVKARASKSKLTQHHEVNVRKATSKK
Q92522H1X_HUMANHistone H1xH1FXHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoCloning of the cDNA encoding a novel subtype of histone H1.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-19; 48-57; 76-86; 95-118 AND 128-143CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINEACETYLATION AT SER-2IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYGlobal, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-2IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Improved titanium dioxide enrichment of phosphopeptides from HeLa cells and high confident phosphopeptide identification by cross-validation of MS/MS and MS/MS/MS spectra.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]A quantitative atlas of mitotic phosphorylation.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-31IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Lys-N and trypsin cover complementary parts of the phosphoproteome in a refined SCX-based approach.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-2CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINE [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of T cell receptor signaling reveals system-wide modulation of protein-protein interactions.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-31IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT LYS-47IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Quantitative phosphoproteomics reveals widespread full phosphorylation site occupancy during mitosis.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-31IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Initial characterization of the human central proteome.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]System-wide temporal characterization of the proteome and phosphoproteome of human embryonic stem cell differentiation.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-2PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-2; SER-31 AND SER-33CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINE [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Comparative large-scale characterisation of plant vs. mammal proteins reveals similar and idiosyncratic N-alpha acetylation features.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-2CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINE [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Toward a comprehensive characterization of a human cancer cell phosphoproteome.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-2 AND SER-31IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-31IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structures.NucleusChromosomeExpressed ubiquitously.Citrullination at Arg-62 (H1R54ci) by PADI4 takes place within the DNA-binding site of H1 and results in its displacement from chromatin and global chromatin decondensation, thereby promoting pluripotency and stem cell maintenance.Belongs to the histone H1/H5 family.Contains 1 H15 (linker histone H1/H5 globular) domain.3D-structureAcetylationChromosomeCitrullinationComplete proteomeDirect protein sequencingDNA-bindingNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteome
MSVELEEALPVTTAEGMAKKVTKAGGSAALSPSKKRKNSKKKNQPGKYSQLVVETIRRLG
ERNGSSLAKIYTEAKKVPWFDQQNGRTYLKYSIKALVQNDTLLQVKGTGANGSFKLNRKK
LEGGGERRGAPAAATAPAPTAHKAKKAAPGAAGSRRADKKPARGQKPEQRSHKKGAGAKK
DKGGKAKKTAAAGGKKVKKAAKPSVPKVPKGRK
Q96QV6H2A1A_HUMANHistone H2A type 1-AHistone H2A/rHIST1H2AAH2AFRHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoThe human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Nucleosomal histone kinase-1 phosphorylates H2A Thr 119 during mitosis in the early Drosophila embryo.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-121Phosphorylation of histone H2A inhibits transcription on chromatin templates.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-2MUTAGENESIS OF SER-2Role of histone H2A ubiquitination in Polycomb silencing.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120Deimination of histone H2A and H4 at arginine 3 in HL-60 granulocytes.ACETYLATION AT SER-2CITRULLINATION AT ARG-4IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYRole of Bmi-1 and Ring1A in H2A ubiquitylation and Hox gene silencing.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120DNA damage triggers nucleotide excision repair-dependent monoubiquitylation of histone H2A.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120RNF8 ubiquitylates histones at DNA double-strand breaks and promotes assembly of repair proteins.UBIQUITINATIONRNF8 transduces the DNA-damage signal via histone ubiquitylation and checkpoint protein assembly.UBIQUITINATIONThe RIDDLE syndrome protein mediates a ubiquitin-dependent signaling cascade at sites of DNA damage.UBIQUITINATIONRNF168 binds and amplifies ubiquitin conjugates on damaged chromosomes to allow accumulation of repair proteins.UBIQUITINATIONIdentification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.CROTONYLATION AT LYS-37; LYS-119; LYS-120 AND LYS-127RNF168 ubiquitinates K13-15 on H2A/H2AX to drive DNA Damage signaling.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-14 AND LYS-16 BY RNF168A novel ubiquitin mark at the N-terminal tail of histone H2As targeted by RNF168 ubiquitin ligase.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-14 AND LYS-16 BY RNF168VprBP has intrinsic kinase activity targeting histone H2A and represses gene transcription.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-121Glutamine methylation in histone H2A is an RNA-polymerase-I-dedicated modification.METHYLATION AT GLN-105TRIM37 is a new histone H2A ubiquitin ligase and breast cancer oncoprotein.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.NucleusChromosomeDeiminated on Arg-4 in granulocytes upon calcium entry.Monoubiquitination of Lys-120 (H2AK119Ub) by RING1, TRIM27 and RNF2/RING2 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression and participates in X chromosome inactivation of female mammals. It is involved in the initiation of both imprinted and random X inactivation. Ubiquitinated H2A is enriched in inactive X chromosome chromatin. Ubiquitination of H2A functions downstream of methylation of 'Lys-27' of histone H3 (H3K27me). H2AK119Ub by RNF2/RING2 can also be induced by ultraviolet and may be involved in DNA repair. Monoubiquitination of Lys-120 (H2AK119Ub) by TRIM27 may promote transformation of cells in a number of breast cancers (PubMed:25470042). Following DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), it is ubiquitinated through 'Lys-63' linkage of ubiquitin moieties by the E2 ligase UBE2N and the E3 ligases RNF8 and RNF168, leading to the recruitment of repair proteins to sites of DNA damage. Ubiquitination at Lys-14 and Lys-16 (H2AK13Ub and H2AK15Ub, respectively) in response to DNA damage is initiated by RNF168 that mediates monoubiquitination at these 2 sites, and 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin are then conjugated to monoubiquitin; RNF8 is able to extend 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin chains in vitro. H2AK119Ub and ionizing radiation-induced 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitination (H2AK13Ub and H2AK15Ub) are distinct events.Phosphorylation on Ser-2 (H2AS1ph) is enhanced during mitosis. Phosphorylation on Ser-2 by RPS6KA5/MSK1 directly represses transcription. Acetylation of H3 inhibits Ser-2 phosphorylation by RPS6KA5/MSK1. Phosphorylation at Thr-121 (H2AT120ph) by VPRBP is present in the regulatory region of many tumor suppresor genes and down-regulates their transcription.Glutamine methylation at Gln-105 (H2AQ104me) by FBL is specifically dedicated to polymerase I. It is present at 35S ribosomal DNA locus and impairs binding of the FACT complex (PubMed:24352239).Symmetric dimethylation on Arg-4 by the PRDM1/PRMT5 complex may play a crucial role in the germ-cell lineage.Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.Belongs to the histone H2A family.AcetylationChromosomeCitrullinationComplete proteomeDNA-bindingIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteomeUbl conjugationSA
MSGRGKQGGKARAKSKSRSSRAGLQFPVGRIHRLLRKGNYAERIGAGAPVYLAAVLEYLT
AEILELAGNASRDNKKTRIIPRHLQLAIRNDEELNKLLGGVTIAQGGVLPNIQAVLLPKK
TESHHHKAQSK
P04908P28001Q76P63H2A1B_HUMANHistone H2A type 1-B/EHistone H2A.2Histone H2A/aHistone H2A/mHIST1H2ABH2AFMHIST1H2AEH2AFAHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoThe primary structure and expression of four cloned human histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] (HIST1H2AB)Isolation and characterization of two human H1 histone genes within clusters of core histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] (HIST1H2AE)The human histone gene cluster at the D6S105 locus.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] (HIST1H2AE)The human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] (HIST1H2AB AND HIST1H2AE)The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (HIST1H2AE)Nucleosomal histone kinase-1 phosphorylates H2A Thr 119 during mitosis in the early Drosophila embryo.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-121Phosphorylation of histone H2A inhibits transcription on chromatin templates.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-2MUTAGENESIS OF SER-2Role of histone H2A ubiquitination in Polycomb silencing.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120Global regulation of post-translational modifications on core histones.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYPHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-2ACETYLATION AT SER-2Deimination of histone H2A and H4 at arginine 3 in HL-60 granulocytes.ACETYLATION AT SER-2CITRULLINATION AT ARG-4IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYRole of Bmi-1 and Ring1A in H2A ubiquitylation and Hox gene silencing.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120DNA damage triggers nucleotide excision repair-dependent monoubiquitylation of histone H2A.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120Precise characterization of human histones in the H2A gene family by top down mass spectrometry.MASS SPECTROMETRYACETYLATION AT SER-2RNF8 ubiquitylates histones at DNA double-strand breaks and promotes assembly of repair proteins.UBIQUITINATIONRNF8 transduces the DNA-damage signal via histone ubiquitylation and checkpoint protein assembly.UBIQUITINATIONThe RIDDLE syndrome protein mediates a ubiquitin-dependent signaling cascade at sites of DNA damage.UBIQUITINATIONRNF168 binds and amplifies ubiquitin conjugates on damaged chromosomes to allow accumulation of repair proteins.UBIQUITINATIONIdentification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.CROTONYLATION AT LYS-37; LYS-119; LYS-120 AND LYS-126RNF168 ubiquitinates K13-15 on H2A/H2AX to drive DNA Damage signaling.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-14 AND LYS-16 BY RNF168A novel ubiquitin mark at the N-terminal tail of histone H2As targeted by RNF168 ubiquitin ligase.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-14 AND LYS-16 BY RNF168VprBP has intrinsic kinase activity targeting histone H2A and represses gene transcription.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-121Glutamine methylation in histone H2A is an RNA-polymerase-I-dedicated modification.METHYLATION AT GLN-105TRIM37 is a new histone H2A ubiquitin ligase and breast cancer oncoprotein.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.NucleusChromosomeDeiminated on Arg-4 in granulocytes upon calcium entry.Monoubiquitination of Lys-120 (H2AK119Ub) by RING1, TRIM27 and RNF2/RING2 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression and participates in X chromosome inactivation of female mammals. It is involved in the initiation of both imprinted and random X inactivation. Ubiquitinated H2A is enriched in inactive X chromosome chromatin. Ubiquitination of H2A functions downstream of methylation of 'Lys-27' of histone H3 (H3K27me). H2AK119Ub by RNF2/RING2 can also be induced by ultraviolet and may be involved in DNA repair. Monoubiquitination of Lys-120 (H2AK119Ub) by TRIM27 may promote transformation of cells in a number of breast cancers (PubMed:25470042). Following DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), it is ubiquitinated through 'Lys-63' linkage of ubiquitin moieties by the E2 ligase UBE2N and the E3 ligases RNF8 and RNF168, leading to the recruitment of repair proteins to sites of DNA damage. Ubiquitination at Lys-14 and Lys-16 (H2AK13Ub and H2AK15Ub, respectively) in response to DNA damage is initiated by RNF168 that mediates monoubiquitination at these 2 sites, and 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin are then conjugated to monoubiquitin; RNF8 is able to extend 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin chains in vitro. H2AK119Ub and ionizing radiation-induced 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitination (H2AK13Ub and H2AK15Ub) are distinct events.Phosphorylation on Ser-2 (H2AS1ph) is enhanced during mitosis. Phosphorylation on Ser-2 by RPS6KA5/MSK1 directly represses transcription. Acetylation of H3 inhibits Ser-2 phosphorylation by RPS6KA5/MSK1. Phosphorylation at Thr-121 (H2AT120ph) by VPRBP is present in the regulatory region of many tumor suppresor genes and down-regulates their transcription.Glutamine methylation at Gln-105 (H2AQ104me) by FBL is specifically dedicated to polymerase I. It is present at 35S ribosomal DNA locus and impairs binding of the FACT complex (PubMed:24352239).Symmetric dimethylation on Arg-4 by the PRDM1/PRMT5 complex may play a crucial role in the germ-cell lineage.Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.Monoisotopic with N-acetylserine.Belongs to the histone H2A family.3D-structureAcetylationChromosomeCitrullinationComplete proteomeDNA-bindingIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteomeUbl conjugationSAGNAH
MSGRGKQGGKARAKAKTRSSRAGLQFPVGRVHRLLRKGNYSERVGAGAPVYLAAVLEYLT
AEILELAGNAARDNKKTRIIPRHLQLAIRNDEELNKLLGRVTIAQGGVLPNIQAVLLPKK
TESHHKAKGK
Q93077B2R4F7O00775O00776O00777O00778Q540R1H2A1C_HUMANHistone H2A type 1-CHistone H2A/lHIST1H2ACH2AFLHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoA 1.1-Mb transcript map of the hereditary hemochromatosis locus.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA / MRNA]Human histone gene organization: nonregular arrangement within a large cluster.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]Nucleosomal histone kinase-1 phosphorylates H2A Thr 119 during mitosis in the early Drosophila embryo.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-121Phosphorylation of histone H2A inhibits transcription on chromatin templates.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-2MUTAGENESIS OF SER-2Role of histone H2A ubiquitination in Polycomb silencing.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120Deimination of histone H2A and H4 at arginine 3 in HL-60 granulocytes.ACETYLATION AT SER-2CITRULLINATION AT ARG-4IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYRole of Bmi-1 and Ring1A in H2A ubiquitylation and Hox gene silencing.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120DNA damage triggers nucleotide excision repair-dependent monoubiquitylation of histone H2A.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120Precise characterization of human histones in the H2A gene family by top down mass spectrometry.MASS SPECTROMETRYACETYLATION AT SER-2RNF8 ubiquitylates histones at DNA double-strand breaks and promotes assembly of repair proteins.UBIQUITINATIONRNF8 transduces the DNA-damage signal via histone ubiquitylation and checkpoint protein assembly.UBIQUITINATIONThe RIDDLE syndrome protein mediates a ubiquitin-dependent signaling cascade at sites of DNA damage.UBIQUITINATIONRNF168 binds and amplifies ubiquitin conjugates on damaged chromosomes to allow accumulation of repair proteins.UBIQUITINATIONIdentification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.CROTONYLATION AT LYS-37; LYS-119; LYS-120 AND LYS-126RNF168 ubiquitinates K13-15 on H2A/H2AX to drive DNA Damage signaling.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-14 AND LYS-16 BY RNF168A novel ubiquitin mark at the N-terminal tail of histone H2As targeted by RNF168 ubiquitin ligase.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-14 AND LYS-16 BY RNF168VprBP has intrinsic kinase activity targeting histone H2A and represses gene transcription.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-121Glutamine methylation in histone H2A is an RNA-polymerase-I-dedicated modification.METHYLATION AT GLN-105TRIM37 is a new histone H2A ubiquitin ligase and breast cancer oncoprotein.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.NucleusChromosomeDeiminated on Arg-4 in granulocytes upon calcium entry.Monoubiquitination of Lys-120 (H2AK119Ub) by RING1, TRIM27 and RNF2/RING2 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression and participates in X chromosome inactivation of female mammals. It is involved in the initiation of both imprinted and random X inactivation. Ubiquitinated H2A is enriched in inactive X chromosome chromatin. Ubiquitination of H2A functions downstream of methylation of 'Lys-27' of histone H3 (H3K27me). H2AK119Ub by RNF2/RING2 can also be induced by ultraviolet and may be involved in DNA repair. Monoubiquitination of Lys-120 (H2AK119Ub) by TRIM27 may promote transformation of cells in a number of breast cancers (PubMed:25470042). Following DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), it is ubiquitinated through 'Lys-63' linkage of ubiquitin moieties by the E2 ligase UBE2N and the E3 ligases RNF8 and RNF168, leading to the recruitment of repair proteins to sites of DNA damage. Ubiquitination at Lys-14 and Lys-16 (H2AK13Ub and H2AK15Ub, respectively) in response to DNA damage is initiated by RNF168 that mediates monoubiquitination at these 2 sites, and 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin are then conjugated to monoubiquitin; RNF8 is able to extend 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin chains in vitro. H2AK119Ub and ionizing radiation-induced 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitination (H2AK13Ub and H2AK15Ub) are distinct events.Phosphorylation on Ser-2 (H2AS1ph) is enhanced during mitosis. Phosphorylation on Ser-2 by RPS6KA5/MSK1 directly represses transcription. Acetylation of H3 inhibits Ser-2 phosphorylation by RPS6KA5/MSK1. Phosphorylation at Thr-121 (H2AT120ph) by VPRBP is present in the regulatory region of many tumor suppresor genes and down-regulates their transcription.Glutamine methylation at Gln-105 (H2AQ104me) by FBL is specifically dedicated to polymerase I. It is present at 35S ribosomal DNA locus and impairs binding of the FACT complex (PubMed:24352239).Symmetric dimethylation on Arg-4 by the PRDM1/PRMT5 complex may play a crucial role in the germ-cell lineage.Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.Monoisotopic with N-acetylserine.Belongs to the histone H2A family.AcetylationChromosomeCitrullinationComplete proteomeDNA-bindingIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteomeUbl conjugationSA
MSGRGKQGGKARAKAKSRSSRAGLQFPVGRVHRLLRKGNYAERVGAGAPVYLAAVLEYLT
AEILELAGNAARDNKKTRIIPRHLQLAIRNDEELNKLLGRVTIAQGGVLPNIQAVLLPKK
TESHHKAKGK
P20671A0PK91P57754Q6FGY6H2A1D_HUMANHistone H2A type 1-DHistone H2A.3Histone H2A/gHIST1H2ADH2AFGHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoNucleotide sequences of mouse histone genes H2A and H3.1.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Human histone gene organization: nonregular arrangement within a large cluster.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Cloning of human full open reading frames in Gateway(TM) system entry vector (pDONR201).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Nucleosomal histone kinase-1 phosphorylates H2A Thr 119 during mitosis in the early Drosophila embryo.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-121Phosphorylation of histone H2A inhibits transcription on chromatin templates.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-2MUTAGENESIS OF SER-2Role of histone H2A ubiquitination in Polycomb silencing.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120Deimination of histone H2A and H4 at arginine 3 in HL-60 granulocytes.ACETYLATION AT SER-2CITRULLINATION AT ARG-4IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYRole of Bmi-1 and Ring1A in H2A ubiquitylation and Hox gene silencing.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120DNA damage triggers nucleotide excision repair-dependent monoubiquitylation of histone H2A.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120Precise characterization of human histones in the H2A gene family by top down mass spectrometry.MASS SPECTROMETRYACETYLATION AT SER-2RNF8 ubiquitylates histones at DNA double-strand breaks and promotes assembly of repair proteins.UBIQUITINATIONRNF8 transduces the DNA-damage signal via histone ubiquitylation and checkpoint protein assembly.UBIQUITINATIONThe RIDDLE syndrome protein mediates a ubiquitin-dependent signaling cascade at sites of DNA damage.UBIQUITINATIONRNF168 binds and amplifies ubiquitin conjugates on damaged chromosomes to allow accumulation of repair proteins.UBIQUITINATIONIdentification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.CROTONYLATION AT LYS-37; LYS-119; LYS-120 AND LYS-126RNF168 ubiquitinates K13-15 on H2A/H2AX to drive DNA Damage signaling.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-14 AND LYS-16 BY RNF168A novel ubiquitin mark at the N-terminal tail of histone H2As targeted by RNF168 ubiquitin ligase.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-14 AND LYS-16 BY RNF168VprBP has intrinsic kinase activity targeting histone H2A and represses gene transcription.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-121Glutamine methylation in histone H2A is an RNA-polymerase-I-dedicated modification.METHYLATION AT GLN-105TRIM37 is a new histone H2A ubiquitin ligase and breast cancer oncoprotein.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.NucleusChromosomeDeiminated on Arg-4 in granulocytes upon calcium entry.Monoubiquitination of Lys-120 (H2AK119Ub) by RING1, TRIM27 and RNF2/RING2 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression and participates in X chromosome inactivation of female mammals. It is involved in the initiation of both imprinted and random X inactivation. Ubiquitinated H2A is enriched in inactive X chromosome chromatin. Ubiquitination of H2A functions downstream of methylation of 'Lys-27' of histone H3 (H3K27me). H2AK119Ub by RNF2/RING2 can also be induced by ultraviolet and may be involved in DNA repair. Monoubiquitination of Lys-120 (H2AK119Ub) by TRIM27 may promote transformation of cells in a number of breast cancers (PubMed:25470042). Following DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), it is ubiquitinated through 'Lys-63' linkage of ubiquitin moieties by the E2 ligase UBE2N and the E3 ligases RNF8 and RNF168, leading to the recruitment of repair proteins to sites of DNA damage. Ubiquitination at Lys-14 and Lys-16 (H2AK13Ub and H2AK15Ub, respectively) in response to DNA damage is initiated by RNF168 that mediates monoubiquitination at these 2 sites, and 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin are then conjugated to monoubiquitin; RNF8 is able to extend 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin chains in vitro. H2AK119Ub and ionizing radiation-induced 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitination (H2AK13Ub and H2AK15Ub) are distinct events.Phosphorylation on Ser-2 (H2AS1ph) is enhanced during mitosis. Phosphorylation on Ser-2 by RPS6KA5/MSK1 directly represses transcription. Acetylation of H3 inhibits Ser-2 phosphorylation by RPS6KA5/MSK1. Phosphorylation at Thr-121 (H2AT120ph) by VPRBP is present in the regulatory region of many tumor suppresor genes and down-regulates their transcription.Glutamine methylation at Gln-105 (H2AQ104me) by FBL is specifically dedicated to polymerase I. It is present at 35S ribosomal DNA locus and impairs binding of the FACT complex (PubMed:24352239).Symmetric dimethylation on Arg-4 by the PRDM1/PRMT5 complex may play a crucial role in the germ-cell lineage.Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.Monoisotopic with N-acetylserine.Belongs to the histone H2A family.Was originally thought to originate from mouse.AcetylationChromosomeCitrullinationComplete proteomeDNA-bindingIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteomeUbl conjugationSA
MSGRGKQGGKARAKAKTRSSRAGLQFPVGRVHRLLRKGNYSERVGAGAPVYLAAVLEYLT
AEILELAGNAARDNKKTRIIPRHLQLAIRNDEELNKLLGKVTIAQGGVLPNIQAVLLPKK
TESHHKAKGK
Q96KK5H2A1H_HUMANHistone H2A type 1-HHistone H2A/sHIST1H2AHHIST1H2AIHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoThe human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Nucleosomal histone kinase-1 phosphorylates H2A Thr 119 during mitosis in the early Drosophila embryo.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-121Phosphorylation of histone H2A inhibits transcription on chromatin templates.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-2MUTAGENESIS OF SER-2Role of histone H2A ubiquitination in Polycomb silencing.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120Deimination of histone H2A and H4 at arginine 3 in HL-60 granulocytes.ACETYLATION AT SER-2CITRULLINATION AT ARG-4IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYRole of Bmi-1 and Ring1A in H2A ubiquitylation and Hox gene silencing.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120DNA damage triggers nucleotide excision repair-dependent monoubiquitylation of histone H2A.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120RNF8 ubiquitylates histones at DNA double-strand breaks and promotes assembly of repair proteins.UBIQUITINATIONRNF8 transduces the DNA-damage signal via histone ubiquitylation and checkpoint protein assembly.UBIQUITINATIONThe RIDDLE syndrome protein mediates a ubiquitin-dependent signaling cascade at sites of DNA damage.UBIQUITINATIONRNF168 binds and amplifies ubiquitin conjugates on damaged chromosomes to allow accumulation of repair proteins.UBIQUITINATIONIdentification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.CROTONYLATION AT LYS-37; LYS-119; LYS-120 AND LYS-126RNF168 ubiquitinates K13-15 on H2A/H2AX to drive DNA Damage signaling.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-14 AND LYS-16 BY RNF168A novel ubiquitin mark at the N-terminal tail of histone H2As targeted by RNF168 ubiquitin ligase.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-14 AND LYS-16 BY RNF168VprBP has intrinsic kinase activity targeting histone H2A and represses gene transcription.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-121Glutamine methylation in histone H2A is an RNA-polymerase-I-dedicated modification.METHYLATION AT GLN-105TRIM37 is a new histone H2A ubiquitin ligase and breast cancer oncoprotein.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.NucleusChromosomeDeiminated on Arg-4 in granulocytes upon calcium entry.Monoubiquitination of Lys-120 (H2AK119Ub) by RING1, TRIM27 and RNF2/RING2 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression and participates in X chromosome inactivation of female mammals. It is involved in the initiation of both imprinted and random X inactivation. Ubiquitinated H2A is enriched in inactive X chromosome chromatin. Ubiquitination of H2A functions downstream of methylation of 'Lys-27' of histone H3 (H3K27me). H2AK119Ub by RNF2/RING2 can also be induced by ultraviolet and may be involved in DNA repair. Monoubiquitination of Lys-120 (H2AK119Ub) by TRIM27 may promote transformation of cells in a number of breast cancers (PubMed:25470042). Following DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), it is ubiquitinated through 'Lys-63' linkage of ubiquitin moieties by the E2 ligase UBE2N and the E3 ligases RNF8 and RNF168, leading to the recruitment of repair proteins to sites of DNA damage. Ubiquitination at Lys-14 and Lys-16 (H2AK13Ub and H2AK15Ub, respectively) in response to DNA damage is initiated by RNF168 that mediates monoubiquitination at these 2 sites, and 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin are then conjugated to monoubiquitin; RNF8 is able to extend 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin chains in vitro. H2AK119Ub and ionizing radiation-induced 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitination (H2AK13Ub and H2AK15Ub) are distinct events.Phosphorylation on Ser-2 (H2AS1ph) is enhanced during mitosis. Phosphorylation on Ser-2 by RPS6KA5/MSK1 directly represses transcription. Acetylation of H3 inhibits Ser-2 phosphorylation by RPS6KA5/MSK1. Phosphorylation at Thr-121 (H2AT120ph) by VPRBP is present in the regulatory region of many tumor suppresor genes and down-regulates their transcription.Glutamine methylation at Gln-105 (H2AQ104me) by FBL is specifically dedicated to polymerase I. It is present at 35S ribosomal DNA locus and impairs binding of the FACT complex (PubMed:24352239).Symmetric dimethylation on Arg-4 by the PRDM1/PRMT5 complex may play a crucial role in the germ-cell lineage.Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.Belongs to the histone H2A family.AcetylationChromosomeCitrullinationComplete proteomeDNA-bindingIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteomeUbl conjugationSA
MSGRGKQGGKARAKAKTRSSRAGLQFPVGRVHRLLRKGNYAERVGAGAPVYLAAVLEYLT
AEILELAGNAARDNKKTRIIPRHLQLAIRNDEELNKLLGKVTIAQGGVLPNIQAVLLPKK
TESHHKAK
Q99878A2RUU6Q5JXQ5H2A1J_HUMANHistone H2A type 1-JHistone H2A/eHIST1H2AJH2AFEHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoThe human histone gene cluster at the D6S105 locus.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Nucleosomal histone kinase-1 phosphorylates H2A Thr 119 during mitosis in the early Drosophila embryo.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-121Phosphorylation of histone H2A inhibits transcription on chromatin templates.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-2MUTAGENESIS OF SER-2Role of histone H2A ubiquitination in Polycomb silencing.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120Deimination of histone H2A and H4 at arginine 3 in HL-60 granulocytes.ACETYLATION AT SER-2CITRULLINATION AT ARG-4IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYRole of Bmi-1 and Ring1A in H2A ubiquitylation and Hox gene silencing.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120DNA damage triggers nucleotide excision repair-dependent monoubiquitylation of histone H2A.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120Precise characterization of human histones in the H2A gene family by top down mass spectrometry.MASS SPECTROMETRYACETYLATION AT SER-2Characterization of histones H2A and H2B variants and their post-translational modifications by mass spectrometry.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]RNF8 ubiquitylates histones at DNA double-strand breaks and promotes assembly of repair proteins.UBIQUITINATIONRNF8 transduces the DNA-damage signal via histone ubiquitylation and checkpoint protein assembly.UBIQUITINATIONThe RIDDLE syndrome protein mediates a ubiquitin-dependent signaling cascade at sites of DNA damage.UBIQUITINATIONRNF168 binds and amplifies ubiquitin conjugates on damaged chromosomes to allow accumulation of repair proteins.UBIQUITINATIONIdentification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.CROTONYLATION AT LYS-37; LYS-119; LYS-120 AND LYS-126RNF168 ubiquitinates K13-15 on H2A/H2AX to drive DNA Damage signaling.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-14 AND LYS-16 BY RNF168A novel ubiquitin mark at the N-terminal tail of histone H2As targeted by RNF168 ubiquitin ligase.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-14 AND LYS-16 BY RNF168VprBP has intrinsic kinase activity targeting histone H2A and represses gene transcription.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-121Glutamine methylation in histone H2A is an RNA-polymerase-I-dedicated modification.METHYLATION AT GLN-105TRIM37 is a new histone H2A ubiquitin ligase and breast cancer oncoprotein.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.NucleusChromosomeDeiminated on Arg-4 in granulocytes upon calcium entry.Monoubiquitination of Lys-120 (H2AK119Ub) by RING1, TRIM27 and RNF2/RING2 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression and participates in X chromosome inactivation of female mammals. It is involved in the initiation of both imprinted and random X inactivation. Ubiquitinated H2A is enriched in inactive X chromosome chromatin. Ubiquitination of H2A functions downstream of methylation of 'Lys-27' of histone H3 (H3K27me). H2AK119Ub by RNF2/RING2 can also be induced by ultraviolet and may be involved in DNA repair. Monoubiquitination of Lys-120 (H2AK119Ub) by TRIM27 may promote transformation of cells in a number of breast cancers (PubMed:25470042). Following DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), it is ubiquitinated through 'Lys-63' linkage of ubiquitin moieties by the E2 ligase UBE2N and the E3 ligases RNF8 and RNF168, leading to the recruitment of repair proteins to sites of DNA damage. Ubiquitination at Lys-14 and Lys-16 (H2AK13Ub and H2AK15Ub, respectively) in response to DNA damage is initiated by RNF168 that mediates monoubiquitination at these 2 sites, and 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin are then conjugated to monoubiquitin; RNF8 is able to extend 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin chains in vitro. H2AK119Ub and ionizing radiation-induced 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitination (H2AK13Ub and H2AK15Ub) are distinct events.Phosphorylation on Ser-2 (H2AS1ph) is enhanced during mitosis. Phosphorylation on Ser-2 by RPS6KA5/MSK1 directly represses transcription. Acetylation of H3 inhibits Ser-2 phosphorylation by RPS6KA5/MSK1. Phosphorylation at Thr-121 (H2AT120ph) by VPRBP is present in the regulatory region of many tumor suppresor genes and down-regulates their transcription.Glutamine methylation at Gln-105 (H2AQ104me) by FBL is specifically dedicated to polymerase I. It is present at 35S ribosomal DNA locus and impairs binding of the FACT complex (PubMed:24352239).Symmetric dimethylation on Arg-4 by the PRDM1/PRMT5 complex may play a crucial role in the germ-cell lineage.Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.Monoisotopic with N-acetylserine.Belongs to the histone H2A family.AcetylationChromosomeCitrullinationComplete proteomeDNA-bindingIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteomeUbl conjugationSA
MSGRGKQGGKARAKAKTRSSRAGLQFPVGRVHRLLRKGNYAERVGAGAPVYLAAVLEYLT
AEILELAGNAARDNKKTRIIPRHLQLAIRNDEELNKLLGKVTIAQGGVLPNIQAVLLPKK
TESHHKTK
P0C0S8P02261Q2M1R2Q76PA6H2A1_HUMANHistone H2A type 1H2A.1Histone H2A/pHIST1H2AGH2AFPHIST1H2AIH2AFCHIST1H2AKH2AFDHIST1H2ALH2AFIHIST1H2AMH2AFNHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoThe human histone gene cluster at the D6S105 locus.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] (HIST1H2AI; HIST1H2AK AND HIST1H2AL)The human H2A and H2B histone gene complement.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] (HIST1H2AI; HIST1H2AK AND HIST1H2AL)A novel divergently transcribed human histone H2A/H2B gene pair.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE (HIST1H2AM)The relative expression of human histone H2A genes is similar in different types of proliferating cells.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE (HIST1H2AG)The human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] (HIST1H2AG; HIST1H2AI; HIST1H2AK; HIST1H2AL AND HIST1H2AM)The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA] (HIST1H2AI; HIST1H2AK; HIST1H2AL AND HIST1H2AM)The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Human spleen histone H2A. Isolation and four variant sequences.AMINO-ACID COMPOSITION OF TRYPTIC PEPTIDESGlobal regulation of post-translational modifications on core histones.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYPHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-2ACETYLATION AT SER-2Nucleosomal histone kinase-1 phosphorylates H2A Thr 119 during mitosis in the early Drosophila embryo.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-121Phosphorylation of histone H2A inhibits transcription on chromatin templates.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-2MUTAGENESIS OF SER-2Role of histone H2A ubiquitination in Polycomb silencing.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120Deimination of histone H2A and H4 at arginine 3 in HL-60 granulocytes.ACETYLATION AT SER-2CITRULLINATION AT ARG-4IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYRole of Bmi-1 and Ring1A in H2A ubiquitylation and Hox gene silencing.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120DNA damage triggers nucleotide excision repair-dependent monoubiquitylation of histone H2A.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120Precise characterization of human histones in the H2A gene family by top down mass spectrometry.MASS SPECTROMETRYACETYLATION AT SER-2RNF8 ubiquitylates histones at DNA double-strand breaks and promotes assembly of repair proteins.UBIQUITINATIONRNF8 transduces the DNA-damage signal via histone ubiquitylation and checkpoint protein assembly.UBIQUITINATIONThe RIDDLE syndrome protein mediates a ubiquitin-dependent signaling cascade at sites of DNA damage.UBIQUITINATIONRNF168 binds and amplifies ubiquitin conjugates on damaged chromosomes to allow accumulation of repair proteins.UBIQUITINATIONIdentification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.CROTONYLATION AT LYS-37; LYS-119; LYS-120 AND LYS-126RNF168 ubiquitinates K13-15 on H2A/H2AX to drive DNA Damage signaling.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-14 AND LYS-16 BY RNF168A novel ubiquitin mark at the N-terminal tail of histone H2As targeted by RNF168 ubiquitin ligase.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-14 AND LYS-16 BY RNF168VprBP has intrinsic kinase activity targeting histone H2A and represses gene transcription.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-121Glutamine methylation in histone H2A is an RNA-polymerase-I-dedicated modification.METHYLATION AT GLN-105TRIM37 is a new histone H2A ubiquitin ligase and breast cancer oncoprotein.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.Q9DUM3true3P55201false8O95760false3P63104false2NucleusChromosomeDeiminated on Arg-4 in granulocytes upon calcium entry.Monoubiquitination of Lys-120 (H2AK119Ub) by RING1, TRIM27 and RNF2/RING2 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression and participates in X chromosome inactivation of female mammals. It is involved in the initiation of both imprinted and random X inactivation. Ubiquitinated H2A is enriched in inactive X chromosome chromatin. Ubiquitination of H2A functions downstream of methylation of 'Lys-27' of histone H3 (H3K27me). H2AK119Ub by RNF2/RING2 can also be induced by ultraviolet and may be involved in DNA repair. Monoubiquitination of Lys-120 (H2AK119Ub) by TRIM27 may promote transformation of cells in a number of breast cancers (PubMed:25470042). Following DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), it is ubiquitinated through 'Lys-63' linkage of ubiquitin moieties by the E2 ligase UBE2N and the E3 ligases RNF8 and RNF168, leading to the recruitment of repair proteins to sites of DNA damage. Ubiquitination at Lys-14 and Lys-16 (H2AK13Ub and H2AK15Ub, respectively) in response to DNA damage is initiated by RNF168 that mediates monoubiquitination at these 2 sites, and 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin are then conjugated to monoubiquitin; RNF8 is able to extend 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin chains in vitro. H2AK119Ub and ionizing radiation-induced 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitination (H2AK13Ub and H2AK15Ub) are distinct events.Phosphorylation on Ser-2 (H2AS1ph) is enhanced during mitosis. Phosphorylation on Ser-2 by RPS6KA5/MSK1 directly represses transcription. Acetylation of H3 inhibits Ser-2 phosphorylation by RPS6KA5/MSK1. Phosphorylation at Thr-121 (H2AT120ph) by VPRBP is present in the regulatory region of many tumor suppresor genes and down-regulates their transcription.Symmetric dimethylation on Arg-4 by the PRDM1/PRMT5 complex may play a crucial role in the germ-cell lineage.Glutamine methylation at Gln-105 (H2AQ104me) by FBL is specifically dedicated to polymerase I. It is present at 35S ribosomal DNA locus and impairs binding of the FACT complex (PubMed:24352239).Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.Monoisotopic with N-acetylserine.Belongs to the histone H2A family.3D-structureAcetylationChromosomeCitrullinationComplete proteomeDNA-bindingIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteomeUbl conjugationSA
MSGRGKQGGKARAKAKTRSSRAGLQFPVGRVHRLLRKGNYAERVGAGAPVYLAAVLEYLT
AEILELAGNAARDNKKTRIIPRHLQLAIRNDEELNKLLGKVTIAQGGVLPNIQAVLLPKK
TESHHKAKGK
Q6FI13B2R5F0P20670H2A2A_HUMANHistone H2A type 2-AHistone H2A.2Histone H2A/oHIST2H2AA3H2AFOHIST2H2AAHIST2H2AA4Homo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoThe relative expression of human histone H2A genes is similar in different types of proliferating cells.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA]The human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Cloning of human full open reading frames in Gateway(TM) system entry vector (pDONR201).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Nucleosomal histone kinase-1 phosphorylates H2A Thr 119 during mitosis in the early Drosophila embryo.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-121Phosphorylation of histone H2A inhibits transcription on chromatin templates.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-2MUTAGENESIS OF SER-2Role of histone H2A ubiquitination in Polycomb silencing.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120Deimination of histone H2A and H4 at arginine 3 in HL-60 granulocytes.ACETYLATION AT SER-2CITRULLINATION AT ARG-4IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYRole of Bmi-1 and Ring1A in H2A ubiquitylation and Hox gene silencing.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120DNA damage triggers nucleotide excision repair-dependent monoubiquitylation of histone H2A.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120Precise characterization of human histones in the H2A gene family by top down mass spectrometry.MASS SPECTROMETRYACETYLATION AT SER-2 AND LYS-6UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120RNF8 ubiquitylates histones at DNA double-strand breaks and promotes assembly of repair proteins.UBIQUITINATIONRNF8 transduces the DNA-damage signal via histone ubiquitylation and checkpoint protein assembly.UBIQUITINATIONThe RIDDLE syndrome protein mediates a ubiquitin-dependent signaling cascade at sites of DNA damage.UBIQUITINATIONRNF168 binds and amplifies ubiquitin conjugates on damaged chromosomes to allow accumulation of repair proteins.UBIQUITINATIONIdentification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.CROTONYLATION AT LYS-37; LYS-119; LYS-120 AND LYS-126RNF168 ubiquitinates K13-15 on H2A/H2AX to drive DNA Damage signaling.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-14 AND LYS-16 BY RNF168A novel ubiquitin mark at the N-terminal tail of histone H2As targeted by RNF168 ubiquitin ligase.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-14 AND LYS-16 BY RNF168VprBP has intrinsic kinase activity targeting histone H2A and represses gene transcription.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-121Glutamine methylation in histone H2A is an RNA-polymerase-I-dedicated modification.METHYLATION AT GLN-105TRIM37 is a new histone H2A ubiquitin ligase and breast cancer oncoprotein.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.NucleusChromosomeDeiminated on Arg-4 in granulocytes upon calcium entry.Monoubiquitination of Lys-120 (H2AK119Ub) by RING1, TRIM27 and RNF2/RING2 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression and participates in X chromosome inactivation of female mammals. It is involved in the initiation of both imprinted and random X inactivation. Ubiquitinated H2A is enriched in inactive X chromosome chromatin. Ubiquitination of H2A functions downstream of methylation of 'Lys-27' of histone H3 (H3K27me). H2AK119Ub by RNF2/RING2 can also be induced by ultraviolet and may be involved in DNA repair. Monoubiquitination of Lys-120 (H2AK119Ub) by TRIM27 may promote transformation of cells in a number of breast cancers (PubMed:25470042). Following DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), it is ubiquitinated through 'Lys-63' linkage of ubiquitin moieties by the E2 ligase UBE2N and the E3 ligases RNF8 and RNF168, leading to the recruitment of repair proteins to sites of DNA damage. Ubiquitination at Lys-14 and Lys-16 (H2AK13Ub and H2AK15Ub, respectively) in response to DNA damage is initiated by RNF168 that mediates monoubiquitination at these 2 sites, and 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin are then conjugated to monoubiquitin; RNF8 is able to extend 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin chains in vitro. H2AK119Ub and ionizing radiation-induced 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitination (H2AK13Ub and H2AK15Ub) are distinct events.Phosphorylation on Ser-2 (H2AS1ph) is enhanced during mitosis. Phosphorylation on Ser-2 by RPS6KA5/MSK1 directly represses transcription. Acetylation of H3 inhibits Ser-2 phosphorylation by RPS6KA5/MSK1. Phosphorylation at Thr-121 (H2AT120ph) by VPRBP is present in the regulatory region of many tumor suppresor genes and down-regulates their transcription.Glutamine methylation at Gln-105 (H2AQ104me) by FBL is specifically dedicated to polymerase I. It is present at 35S ribosomal DNA locus and impairs binding of the FACT complex (PubMed:24352239).Symmetric dimethylation on Arg-4 by the PRDM1/PRMT5 complex may play a crucial role in the germ-cell lineage.Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.Monoisotopic with N-acetylserine.Belongs to the histone H2A family.AcetylationChromosomeCitrullinationComplete proteomeDNA-bindingIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteomeUbl conjugationSA
MSGRGKQGGKARAKAKSRSSRAGLQFPVGRVHRLLRKGNYAERVGAGAPVYMAAVLEYLT
AEILELAGNAARDNKKTRIIPRHLQLAIRNDEELNKLLGKVTIAQGGVLPNIQAVLLPKK
TESHHKAKGK
Q8IUE6H2A2B_HUMANHistone H2A type 2-BHIST2H2ABHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoThe human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]Nucleosomal histone kinase-1 phosphorylates H2A Thr 119 during mitosis in the early Drosophila embryo.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-121Phosphorylation of histone H2A inhibits transcription on chromatin templates.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-2MUTAGENESIS OF SER-2Role of histone H2A ubiquitination in Polycomb silencing.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120Deimination of histone H2A and H4 at arginine 3 in HL-60 granulocytes.ACETYLATION AT SER-2CITRULLINATION AT ARG-4IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYRole of Bmi-1 and Ring1A in H2A ubiquitylation and Hox gene silencing.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120DNA damage triggers nucleotide excision repair-dependent monoubiquitylation of histone H2A.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120RNF8 ubiquitylates histones at DNA double-strand breaks and promotes assembly of repair proteins.UBIQUITINATIONRNF8 transduces the DNA-damage signal via histone ubiquitylation and checkpoint protein assembly.UBIQUITINATIONThe RIDDLE syndrome protein mediates a ubiquitin-dependent signaling cascade at sites of DNA damage.UBIQUITINATIONRNF168 binds and amplifies ubiquitin conjugates on damaged chromosomes to allow accumulation of repair proteins.UBIQUITINATIONInitial characterization of the human central proteome.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Identification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.CROTONYLATION AT LYS-37; LYS-119 AND LYS-120RNF168 ubiquitinates K13-15 on H2A/H2AX to drive DNA Damage signaling.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-14 AND LYS-16 BY RNF168A novel ubiquitin mark at the N-terminal tail of histone H2As targeted by RNF168 ubiquitin ligase.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-14 AND LYS-16 BY RNF168VprBP has intrinsic kinase activity targeting histone H2A and represses gene transcription.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-121Glutamine methylation in histone H2A is an RNA-polymerase-I-dedicated modification.METHYLATION AT GLN-105TRIM37 is a new histone H2A ubiquitin ligase and breast cancer oncoprotein.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120N-terminome analysis of the human mitochondrial proteome.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]The consensus coding sequences of human breast and colorectal cancers.VARIANT [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] THR-53Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.NucleusChromosomeDeiminated on Arg-4 in granulocytes upon calcium entry.Monoubiquitination of Lys-120 (H2AK119Ub) by RING1, TRIM27 and RNF2/RING2 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression and participates in X chromosome inactivation of female mammals. It is involved in the initiation of both imprinted and random X inactivation. Ubiquitinated H2A is enriched in inactive X chromosome chromatin. Ubiquitination of H2A functions downstream of methylation of 'Lys-27' of histone H3 (H3K27me). H2AK119Ub by RNF2/RING2 can also be induced by ultraviolet and may be involved in DNA repair. Monoubiquitination of Lys-120 (H2AK119Ub) by TRIM27 may promote transformation of cells in a number of breast cancers (PubMed:25470042). Following DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), it is ubiquitinated through 'Lys-63' linkage of ubiquitin moieties by the E2 ligase UBE2N and the E3 ligases RNF8 and RNF168, leading to the recruitment of repair proteins to sites of DNA damage. Ubiquitination at Lys-14 and Lys-16 (H2AK13Ub and H2AK15Ub, respectively) in response to DNA damage is initiated by RNF168 that mediates monoubiquitination at these 2 sites, and 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin are then conjugated to monoubiquitin; RNF8 is able to extend 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin chains in vitro. H2AK119Ub and ionizing radiation-induced 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitination (H2AK13Ub and H2AK15Ub) are distinct events.Phosphorylation on Ser-2 (H2AS1ph) is enhanced during mitosis. Phosphorylation on Ser-2 by RPS6KA5/MSK1 directly represses transcription. Acetylation of H3 inhibits Ser-2 phosphorylation by RPS6KA5/MSK1. Phosphorylation at Thr-121 (H2AT120ph) by VPRBP is present in the regulatory region of many tumor suppresor genes and down-regulates their transcription.Symmetric dimethylation on Arg-4 by the PRDM1/PRMT5 complex may play a crucial role in the germ-cell lineage.Glutamine methylation at Gln-105 (H2AQ104me) by FBL is specifically dedicated to polymerase I. It is present at 35S ribosomal DNA locus and impairs binding of the FACT complex (PubMed:24352239).Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.Belongs to the histone H2A family.AcetylationChromosomeCitrullinationComplete proteomeDNA-bindingIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinPolymorphismReference proteomeUbl conjugationATSA
MSGRGKQGGKARAKAKSRSSRAGLQFPVGRVHRLLRKGNYAERVGAGAPVYLAAVLEYLT
AEILELAGNAARDNKKTRIIPRHLQLAVRNDEELNKLLGGVTIAQGGVLPNIQAVLLPKK
TESHKPGKNK
Q16777Q6DRA7Q8IUE5H2A2C_HUMANHistone H2A type 2-CHistone H2A-GL101Histone H2A/qHIST2H2ACH2AFQHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoThe human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Functional characterization of a human histone gene cluster duplication.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]A human histone H2B.1 variant gene, located on chromosome 1, utilizes alternative 3' end processing.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] OF 1-57Nucleosomal histone kinase-1 phosphorylates H2A Thr 119 during mitosis in the early Drosophila embryo.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-121Phosphorylation of histone H2A inhibits transcription on chromatin templates.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-2MUTAGENESIS OF SER-2Role of histone H2A ubiquitination in Polycomb silencing.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120Deimination of histone H2A and H4 at arginine 3 in HL-60 granulocytes.ACETYLATION AT SER-2CITRULLINATION AT ARG-4IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYRole of Bmi-1 and Ring1A in H2A ubiquitylation and Hox gene silencing.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120DNA damage triggers nucleotide excision repair-dependent monoubiquitylation of histone H2A.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120Precise characterization of human histones in the H2A gene family by top down mass spectrometry.MASS SPECTROMETRYACETYLATION AT SER-2 AND LYS-6Characterization of histones H2A and H2B variants and their post-translational modifications by mass spectrometry.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]RNF8 ubiquitylates histones at DNA double-strand breaks and promotes assembly of repair proteins.UBIQUITINATIONRNF8 transduces the DNA-damage signal via histone ubiquitylation and checkpoint protein assembly.UBIQUITINATIONA quantitative atlas of mitotic phosphorylation.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT THR-121 AND SER-123IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]The RIDDLE syndrome protein mediates a ubiquitin-dependent signaling cascade at sites of DNA damage.UBIQUITINATIONRNF168 binds and amplifies ubiquitin conjugates on damaged chromosomes to allow accumulation of repair proteins.UBIQUITINATIONIdentification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.CROTONYLATION AT LYS-37; LYS-119; LYS-120 AND LYS-125RNF168 ubiquitinates K13-15 on H2A/H2AX to drive DNA Damage signaling.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-14 AND LYS-16 BY RNF168A novel ubiquitin mark at the N-terminal tail of histone H2As targeted by RNF168 ubiquitin ligase.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-14 AND LYS-16 BY RNF168VprBP has intrinsic kinase activity targeting histone H2A and represses gene transcription.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-121Glutamine methylation in histone H2A is an RNA-polymerase-I-dedicated modification.METHYLATION AT GLN-105TRIM37 is a new histone H2A ubiquitin ligase and breast cancer oncoprotein.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.NucleusChromosomeDeiminated on Arg-4 in granulocytes upon calcium entry.Monoubiquitination of Lys-120 (H2AK119Ub) by RING1, TRIM27 and RNF2/RING2 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression and participates in X chromosome inactivation of female mammals. It is involved in the initiation of both imprinted and random X inactivation. Ubiquitinated H2A is enriched in inactive X chromosome chromatin. Ubiquitination of H2A functions downstream of methylation of 'Lys-27' of histone H3 (H3K27me). H2AK119Ub by RNF2/RING2 can also be induced by ultraviolet and may be involved in DNA repair. Monoubiquitination of Lys-120 (H2AK119Ub) by TRIM27 may promote transformation of cells in a number of breast cancers (PubMed:25470042). Following DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), it is ubiquitinated through 'Lys-63' linkage of ubiquitin moieties by the E2 ligase UBE2N and the E3 ligases RNF8 and RNF168, leading to the recruitment of repair proteins to sites of DNA damage. Ubiquitination at Lys-14 and Lys-16 (H2AK13Ub and H2AK15Ub, respectively) in response to DNA damage is initiated by RNF168 that mediates monoubiquitination at these 2 sites, and 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin are then conjugated to monoubiquitin; RNF8 is able to extend 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin chains in vitro. H2AK119Ub and ionizing radiation-induced 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitination (H2AK13Ub and H2AK15Ub) are distinct events.Phosphorylation on Ser-2 (H2AS1ph) is enhanced during mitosis. Phosphorylation on Ser-2 by RPS6KA5/MSK1 directly represses transcription. Acetylation of H3 inhibits Ser-2 phosphorylation by RPS6KA5/MSK1. Phosphorylation at Thr-121 (H2AT120ph) by VPRBP is present in the regulatory region of many tumor suppresor genes and down-regulates their transcription.Symmetric dimethylation on Arg-4 by the PRDM1/PRMT5 complex may play a crucial role in the germ-cell lineage.Glutamine methylation at Gln-105 (H2AQ104me) by FBL is specifically dedicated to polymerase I. It is present at 35S ribosomal DNA locus and impairs binding of the FACT complex (PubMed:24352239).Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.Monoisotopic with N-acetylserine.Belongs to the histone H2A family.AcetylationChromosomeCitrullinationComplete proteomeDNA-bindingIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteomeUbl conjugationSA
MSGRGKQGGKARAKAKSRSSRAGLQFPVGRVHRLLRKGNYAERVGAGAPVYMAAVLEYLT
AEILELAGNAARDNKKTRIIPRHLQLAIRNDEELNKLLGKVTIAQGGVLPNIQAVLLPKK
TESHKAKSK
Q7L7L0B2R4S4H2A3_HUMANHistone H2A type 3HIST3H2AHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoThe human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Nucleosomal histone kinase-1 phosphorylates H2A Thr 119 during mitosis in the early Drosophila embryo.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-121Phosphorylation of histone H2A inhibits transcription on chromatin templates.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-2MUTAGENESIS OF SER-2Role of histone H2A ubiquitination in Polycomb silencing.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120Deimination of histone H2A and H4 at arginine 3 in HL-60 granulocytes.ACETYLATION AT SER-2CITRULLINATION AT ARG-4IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYRole of Bmi-1 and Ring1A in H2A ubiquitylation and Hox gene silencing.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120DNA damage triggers nucleotide excision repair-dependent monoubiquitylation of histone H2A.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120RNF8 ubiquitylates histones at DNA double-strand breaks and promotes assembly of repair proteins.UBIQUITINATIONRNF8 transduces the DNA-damage signal via histone ubiquitylation and checkpoint protein assembly.UBIQUITINATIONThe RIDDLE syndrome protein mediates a ubiquitin-dependent signaling cascade at sites of DNA damage.UBIQUITINATIONRNF168 binds and amplifies ubiquitin conjugates on damaged chromosomes to allow accumulation of repair proteins.UBIQUITINATIONIdentification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.CROTONYLATION AT LYS-37; LYS-119; LYS-120 AND LYS-126RNF168 ubiquitinates K13-15 on H2A/H2AX to drive DNA Damage signaling.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-14 AND LYS-16 BY RNF168A novel ubiquitin mark at the N-terminal tail of histone H2As targeted by RNF168 ubiquitin ligase.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-14 AND LYS-16 BY RNF168VprBP has intrinsic kinase activity targeting histone H2A and represses gene transcription.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-121Glutamine methylation in histone H2A is an RNA-polymerase-I-dedicated modification.METHYLATION AT GLN-105TRIM37 is a new histone H2A ubiquitin ligase and breast cancer oncoprotein.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-120Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.NucleusChromosomeDeiminated on Arg-4 in granulocytes upon calcium entry.Monoubiquitination of Lys-120 (H2AK119Ub) by RING1, TRIM27 and RNF2/RING2 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression and participates in X chromosome inactivation of female mammals. It is involved in the initiation of both imprinted and random X inactivation. Ubiquitinated H2A is enriched in inactive X chromosome chromatin. Ubiquitination of H2A functions downstream of methylation of 'Lys-27' of histone H3 (H3K27me). H2AK119Ub by RNF2/RING2 can also be induced by ultraviolet and may be involved in DNA repair. Monoubiquitination of Lys-120 (H2AK119Ub) by TRIM27 may promote transformation of cells in a number of breast cancers (PubMed:25470042). Following DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), it is ubiquitinated through 'Lys-63' linkage of ubiquitin moieties by the E2 ligase UBE2N and the E3 ligases RNF8 and RNF168, leading to the recruitment of repair proteins to sites of DNA damage. Ubiquitination at Lys-14 and Lys-16 (H2AK13Ub and H2AK15Ub, respectively) in response to DNA damage is initiated by RNF168 that mediates monoubiquitination at these 2 sites, and 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin are then conjugated to monoubiquitin; RNF8 is able to extend 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin chains in vitro. H2AK119Ub and ionizing radiation-induced 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitination (H2AK13Ub and H2AK15Ub) are distinct events.Phosphorylation on Ser-2 (H2AS1ph) is enhanced during mitosis. Phosphorylation on Ser-2 by RPS6KA5/MSK1 directly represses transcription. Acetylation of H3 inhibits Ser-2 phosphorylation by RPS6KA5/MSK1. Phosphorylation at Thr-121 (H2AT120ph) by VPRBP is present in the regulatory region of many tumor suppresor genes and down-regulates their transcription.Glutamine methylation at Gln-105 (H2AQ104me) by FBL is specifically dedicated to polymerase I. It is present at 35S ribosomal DNA locus and impairs binding of the FACT complex (PubMed:24352239).Symmetric dimethylation on Arg-4 by the PRDM1/PRMT5 complex may play a crucial role in the germ-cell lineage.Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.Belongs to the histone H2A family.AcetylationChromosomeCitrullinationComplete proteomeDNA-bindingIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteomeUbl conjugationSA
MSGRGKQGGKARAKAKSRSSRAGLQFPVGRVHRLLRKGNYSERVGAGAPVYLAAVLEYLT
AEILELAGNAARDNKKTRIIPRHLQLAIRNDEELNKLLGRVTIAQGGVLPNIQAVLLPKK
TESHHKAKGK
P0C5Y9A0PK90P98176Q5TZB2Q6FG78Q96PR7H2AB1_HUMANHistone H2A-Bbd type 1H2A Barr body-deficientH2A.BbdH2AFB1Homo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoInvestigation of the factor VIII intron 22 repeated region (int22h) and the associated inversion junctions.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Cloning of human full open reading frames in Gateway(TM) system entry vector (pDONR201).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]The DNA sequence of the human X chromosome.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Nucleosomes containing the histone variant H2A.Bbd organize only 118 base pairs of DNA.FUNCTIONDOMAINAssembly and disassembly of nucleosome core particles containing histone variants by human nucleosome assembly protein I.FUNCTIONDissection of the unusual structural and functional properties of the variant H2A.Bbd nucleosome.FUNCTIONATP-dependent chromatin remodeling is required for base excision repair in conventional but not in variant H2A.Bbd nucleosomes.FUNCTIONH2A.Bbd: a quickly evolving hypervariable mammalian histone that destabilizes nucleosomes in an acetylation-independent way.FUNCTIONQuickly evolving histones, nucleosome stability and chromatin folding: all about histone H2A.Bbd.FUNCTIONH2A.Bbd: an X-chromosome-encoded histone involved in mammalian spermiogenesis.SUBCELLULAR LOCATIONTISSUE SPECIFICITYHistone variant H2A.Bbd is associated with active transcription and mRNA processing in human cells.FUNCTIONSUBCELLULAR LOCATIONAtypical histone H2A which can replace conventional H2A in some nucleosomes and is associated with active transcription and mRNA processing. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. Nucleosomes containing this histone are less rigid and organize less DNA than canonical nucleosomes in vivo. They are enriched in actively transcribed genes and associate with the elongating form of RNA polymerase. They associate with spliceosome components and are required for mRNA splicing. May participate in spermatogenesis.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. May be incorporated into a proportion of nucleosomes, replacing one or more H2A molecules.NucleusChromosomeAssociated with the active X chromosome and with autosomes, while it is absent from the inactive X chromosome and excluded from Barr bodies.Present in mature sperm.The docking domain is responsible for the weaker heterodimerization with H2B.In contrast to other H2A histones, it does not contain the conserved residues that are the target of post-translational modifications.Belongs to the histone H2A family.Histone H2A entryChromosomeComplete proteomeDNA-bindingmRNA processingNucleosome coreNucleusReference proteomeQK
MPRRRRRRGSSGAGGRGRTCSRTVRAELSFSVSQVERSLREGHYAQRLSRTAPVYLAAVI
EYLTAKVPELAGNEAQNSGERNITPLLLDMVVHNDRLLSTLFNTTTISQVAPGED
P0C5Z0A1L4E4P98176Q5TZB2Q6FG78Q96PR7H2AB2_HUMANHistone H2A-Bbd type 2/3H2A Barr body-deficientH2A.BbdH2AFB2H2AFB3H2ABBDH2AFBHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoA novel chromatin protein, distantly related to histone H2A, is largely excluded from the inactive X chromosome.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA]SUBCELLULAR LOCATIONThe DNA sequence of the human X chromosome.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Nucleosomes containing the histone variant H2A.Bbd organize only 118 base pairs of DNA.FUNCTIONDOMAINAssembly and disassembly of nucleosome core particles containing histone variants by human nucleosome assembly protein I.FUNCTIONDissection of the unusual structural and functional properties of the variant H2A.Bbd nucleosome.FUNCTIONATP-dependent chromatin remodeling is required for base excision repair in conventional but not in variant H2A.Bbd nucleosomes.FUNCTIONH2A.Bbd: a quickly evolving hypervariable mammalian histone that destabilizes nucleosomes in an acetylation-independent way.FUNCTIONQuickly evolving histones, nucleosome stability and chromatin folding: all about histone H2A.Bbd.FUNCTIONH2A.Bbd: an X-chromosome-encoded histone involved in mammalian spermiogenesis.SUBCELLULAR LOCATIONTISSUE SPECIFICITYHistone variant H2A.Bbd is associated with active transcription and mRNA processing in human cells.FUNCTIONSUBCELLULAR LOCATIONAtypical histone H2A which can replace conventional H2A in some nucleosomes and is associated with active transcription and mRNA processing. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. Nucleosomes containing this histone are less rigid and organize less DNA than canonical nucleosomes in vivo. They are enriched in actively transcribed genes and associate with the elongating form of RNA polymerase. They associate with spliceosome components and are required for mRNA splicing. May participate in spermatogenesis.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. May be incorporated into a proportion of nucleosomes, replacing one or more H2A molecules.NucleusChromosomeAssociated with the active X chromosome and with autosomes, while it is absent from the inactive X chromosome and excluded from Barr bodies.Present in mature sperm.The docking domain is responsible for the weaker heterodimerization with H2B.In contrast to other H2A histones, it does not contain the conserved residues that are the target of post-translational modifications.Belongs to the histone H2A family.Histone H2A entryChromosomeComplete proteomeDNA-bindingmRNA processingNucleosome coreNucleusReference proteome
MPRRRRRRGSSGAGGRGRTCSRTVRAELSFSVSQVERSLREGHYAQRLSRTAPVYLAAVI
EYLTAKVLELAGNEAQNSGERNITPLLLDMVVHNDRLLSTLFNTTTISQVAPGED
Q9BTM1Q9NV63H2AJ_HUMANHistone H2A.JH2a/jH2AFJHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoComplete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORM 2)NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORM 1)Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.NucleusChromosomeQ9BTM1-11Q9BTM1-22Monoubiquitination of Lys-120 (H2AXK119ub) gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression. Following DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), it is ubiquitinated through 'Lys-63' linkage of ubiquitin moieties (By similarity).Phosphorylation on Ser-2 (H2AS1ph) is enhanced during mitosis. Phosphorylation on Ser-2 by RPS6KA5/MSK1 directly represses transcription. Acetylation of H3 inhibits Ser-2 phosphorylation by RPS6KA5/MSK1. Phosphorylation at Thr-121 (H2AT120ph) by VPRBP is present in the regulatory region of many tumor suppresor genes and down-regulates their transcription (By similarity).Glutamine methylation at Gln-105 (H2AQ104me) by FBL is specifically dedicated to polymerase I. It is present at 35S ribosomal DNA locus and impairs binding of the FACT complex (By similarity).Belongs to the histone H2A family.3D-structureAcetylationAlternative splicingChromosomeComplete proteomeDNA-bindingIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteomeUbl conjugationKKTESQKTKSKVCEHSGPSSGKIPSDRAELGAGSVCGHIFQKVE
MSGRGKQGGKVRAKAKSRSSRAGLQFPVGRVHRLLRKGNYAERVGAGAPVYLAAVLEYLT
AEILELAGNAARDNKKTRIIPRHLQLAIRNDEELNKLLGKVTIAQGGVLPNIQAVLLPKK
TESQKTKSK
Q71UI9A6NFA8A6NKY0A6NN01A8MQC5Q59GV8Q6PK98H2AV_HUMANHistone H2A.VH2A.F/ZH2AFVH2AVHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoNovel human member of the variant histone family.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] (ISOFORM 1)Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORM 2)NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORM 1)The DNA sequence of human chromosome 7.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORMS 1; 3 AND 4)Precise characterization of human histones in the H2A gene family by top down mass spectrometry.MASS SPECTROMETRYVariant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. May be involved in the formation of constitutive heterochromatin. May be required for chromosome segregation during cell division (By similarity).The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA. H2A or its variant H2AFV forms a heterodimer with H2B (By similarity).NucleusChromosomeQ71UI9-11Q71UI9-22No experimental confirmation available.Q71UI9-33No experimental confirmation available.Q71UI9-44No experimental confirmation available.Q71UI9-55No experimental confirmation available.Monoubiquitination of Lys-122 gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression.Acetylated on Lys-5, Lys-8 and Lys-12 during interphase. Acetylation disappears at mitosis (By similarity).Monoisotopic, not modified.Belongs to the histone H2A family.3D-structureAcetylationAlternative splicingChromosomeComplete proteomeDNA-bindingNucleosome coreNucleusPolymorphismReference proteomeUbl conjugationMAGGKAGKDSGKAKAKAVSRSQRAGLQMGVIPHIHKSLIGKKGQQKTAEKRRCSQR
MAGGKAGKDSGKAKAKAVSRSQRAGLQFPVGRIHRHLKTRTTSHGRVGATAAVYSAAILE
YLTAEVLELAGNASKDLKVKRITPRHLQLAIRGDEELDSLIKATIAGGGVIPHIHKSLIG
KKGQQKTA
P16104Q4ZGJ7Q6IAS5H2AX_HUMANHistone H2AXH2a/xHistone H2A.XH2AFXH2AXHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoH2A.X. a histone isoprotein with a conserved C-terminal sequence, is encoded by a novel mRNA with both DNA replication type and polyA 3' processing signals.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA]Cloning of human full open reading frames in Gateway(TM) system entry vector (pDONR201).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]DNA double-stranded breaks induce histone H2AX phosphorylation on serine 139.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-140MUTAGENESIS OF GLN-141Megabase chromatin domains involved in DNA double-strand breaks in vivo.SUBCELLULAR LOCATIONPHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-140A critical role for histone H2AX in recruitment of repair factors to nuclear foci after DNA damage.FUNCTIONSUBCELLULAR LOCATIONPHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-140Initiation of DNA fragmentation during apoptosis induces phosphorylation of H2AX histone at serine 139.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-140Histone H2AX is phosphorylated in an ATR-dependent manner in response to replicational stress.SUBCELLULAR LOCATIONPHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-140NBS1 localizes to gamma-H2AX foci through interaction with the FHA/BRCT domain.FUNCTIONINTERACTION WITH NBN AND BRCA1SUBCELLULAR LOCATIONPHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-140Accumulation of checkpoint protein 53BP1 at DNA breaks involves its binding to phosphorylated histone H2AX.SUBCELLULAR LOCATIONPHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-140Phosphorylation of histone H2AX and activation of Mre11, Rad50, and Nbs1 in response to replication-dependent DNA double-strand breaks induced by mammalian DNA topoisomerase I cleavage complexes.SUBCELLULAR LOCATIONPHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-140MDC1 is a mediator of the mammalian DNA damage checkpoint.FUNCTIONINTERACTION WITH MDC1 AND TP53BP1SUBCELLULAR LOCATIONPHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-140DNA-PK is activated by nucleosomes and phosphorylates H2AX within the nucleosomes in an acetylation-dependent manner.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-140ATM and DNA-PK function redundantly to phosphorylate H2AX after exposure to ionizing radiation.SUBCELLULAR LOCATIONPHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-140Mdc1 couples DNA double-strand break recognition by Nbs1 with its H2AX-dependent chromatin retention.FUNCTIONINTERACTION WITH MDC1 AND NBNSUBCELLULAR LOCATIONDoxorubicin activates ATM-dependent phosphorylation of multiple downstream targets in part through the generation of reactive oxygen species.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-140Actinomycin D induces histone gamma-H2AX foci and complex formation of gamma-H2AX with Ku70 and nuclear DNA helicase II.INTERACTION WITH DHX9SUBCELLULAR LOCATIONPHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-140gamma-H2AX dephosphorylation by protein phosphatase 2A facilitates DNA double-strand break repair.DEPHOSPHORYLATIONNovel function of beta-arrestin2 in the nucleus of mature spermatozoa.INTERACTION WITH ARRB2RNF8 ubiquitylates histones at DNA double-strand breaks and promotes assembly of repair proteins.UBIQUITINATIONRNF8 transduces the DNA-damage signal via histone ubiquitylation and checkpoint protein assembly.UBIQUITINATIONATM and ATR substrate analysis reveals extensive protein networks responsive to DNA damage.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-140IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]The RIDDLE syndrome protein mediates a ubiquitin-dependent signaling cascade at sites of DNA damage.UBIQUITINATIONRNF168 binds and amplifies ubiquitin conjugates on damaged chromosomes to allow accumulation of repair proteins.UBIQUITINATIONWSTF regulates the H2A.X DNA damage response via a novel tyrosine kinase activity.PHOSPHORYLATION AT TYR-143MUTAGENESIS OF TYR-143Tyrosine dephosphorylation of H2AX modulates apoptosis and survival decisions.PHOSPHORYLATION AT TYR-143MUTAGENESIS OF TYR-143Quantitative phosphoproteomics reveals widespread full phosphorylation site occupancy during mitosis.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-140IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]System-wide temporal characterization of the proteome and phosphoproteome of human embryonic stem cell differentiation.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-140IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]RNF168 ubiquitinates K13-15 on H2A/H2AX to drive DNA Damage signaling.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-14 AND LYS-16 BY RNF168Epstein-Barr virus essential antigen EBNA3C attenuates H2AX expression.INTERACTION WITH EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS PROTEIN EBNA6SUBCELLULAR LOCATIONUncovering global SUMOylation signaling networks in a site-specific manner.SUMOYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT LYS-135IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Specific recognition of phosphorylated tail of H2AX by the tandem BRCT domains of MCPH1 revealed by complex structure.X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (2.1 ANGSTROMS) OF 134-143PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-140Variant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. Required for checkpoint-mediated arrest of cell cycle progression in response to low doses of ionizing radiation and for efficient repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) specifically when modified by C-terminal phosphorylation.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA. Interacts with numerous proteins required for DNA damage signaling and repair when phosphorylated on Ser-140. These include MDC1, TP53BP1, BRCA1 and the MRN complex, composed of MRE11A, RAD50, and NBN. Interaction with the MRN complex is mediated at least in part by NBN. Also interacts with DHX9/NDHII when phosphorylated on Ser-140 and MCPH1 when phosphorylated at Ser-140 or Tyr-143. Interacts with ARRB2; the interaction is detected in the nucleus upon OR1D2 stimulation. Interacts with Epstein-Barr virus protein EBNA6.Q9Z0X1true2P38398false4Q16695false11P02545false3Q14676false16P49959false6O60934false14Q6ZW49-1false7O15297false6P51532false9Q15554false4Q99986false3NucleusChromosomeSynthesized in G1 as well as in S-phase.The [ST]-Q motif constitutes a recognition sequence for kinases from the PI3/PI4-kinase family.Phosphorylated on Ser-140 (to form gamma-H2AX or H2AX139ph) in response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) generated by exogenous genotoxic agents and by stalled replication forks, and may also occur during meiotic recombination events and immunoglobulin class switching in lymphocytes. Phosphorylation can extend up to several thousand nucleosomes from the actual site of the DSB and may mark the surrounding chromatin for recruitment of proteins required for DNA damage signaling and repair. Widespread phosphorylation may also serve to amplify the damage signal or aid repair of persistent lesions. Phosphorylation of Ser-140 (H2AX139ph) in response to ionizing radiation is mediated by both ATM and PRKDC while defects in DNA replication induce Ser-140 phosphorylation (H2AX139ph) subsequent to activation of ATR and PRKDC. Dephosphorylation of Ser-140 by PP2A is required for DNA DSB repair. In meiosis, Ser-140 phosphorylation (H2AX139ph) may occur at synaptonemal complexes during leptotene as an ATM-dependent response to the formation of programmed DSBs by SPO11. Ser-140 phosphorylation (H2AX139ph) may subsequently occurs at unsynapsed regions of both autosomes and the XY bivalent during zygotene, downstream of ATR and BRCA1 activation. Ser-140 phosphorylation (H2AX139ph) may also be required for transcriptional repression of unsynapsed chromatin and meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI), whereby the X and Y chromosomes condense in pachytene to form the heterochromatic XY-body. During immunoglobulin class switch recombination in lymphocytes, Ser-140 phosphorylation (H2AX139ph) may occur at sites of DNA-recombination subsequent to activation of the activation-induced cytidine deaminase AICDA. Phosphorylation at Tyr-143 (H2AXY142ph) by BAZ1B/WSTF determines the relative recruitment of either DNA repair or pro-apoptotic factors. Phosphorylation at Tyr-143 (H2AXY142ph) favors the recruitment of APBB1/FE65 and pro-apoptosis factors such as MAPK8/JNK1, triggering apoptosis. In contrast, dephosphorylation of Tyr-143 by EYA proteins (EYA1, EYA2, EYA3 or EYA4) favors the recruitment of MDC1-containing DNA repair complexes to the tail of phosphorylated Ser-140 (H2AX139ph).Monoubiquitination of Lys-120 (H2AXK119ub) by RING1 and RNF2/RING2 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression (By similarity). Following DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), it is ubiquitinated through 'Lys-63' linkage of ubiquitin moieties by the E2 ligase UBE2N and the E3 ligases RNF8 and RNF168, leading to the recruitment of repair proteins to sites of DNA damage. Ubiquitination at Lys-14 and Lys-16 (H2AK13Ub and H2AK15Ub, respectively) in response to DNA damage is initiated by RNF168 that mediates monoubiquitination at these 2 sites, and 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin are then conjugated to monoubiquitin; RNF8 is able to extend 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin chains in vitro. H2AK119Ub and ionizing radiation-induced 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitination (H2AK13Ub and H2AK15Ub) are distinct events.Acetylation at Lys-37 increases in S and G2 phases. This modification has been proposed to play a role in DNA double-strand break repair (By similarity).Belongs to the histone H2A family.3D-structureAcetylationCell cycleChromosomeComplete proteomeDNA damageDNA recombinationDNA repairDNA-bindingHost-virus interactionIsopeptide bondMeiosisNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteomeUbl conjugationQNYFRL
MSGRGKTGGKARAKAKSRSSRAGLQFPVGRVHRLLRKGHYAERVGAGAPVYLAAVLEYLT
AEILELAGNAARDNKKTRIIPRHLQLAIRNDEELNKLLGGVTIAQGGVLPNIQAVLLPKK
TSATVGPKAPSGGKKATQASQEY
O75367O75377Q503A8Q7Z5E3Q96D41Q9H8P3Q9UP96H2AY_HUMANCore histone macro-H2A.1Histone macroH2A1mH2A1Histone H2A.yH2A/yMedulloblastoma antigen MU-MB-50.205H2AFYMACROH2A1Homo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoIsolation of cDNA clones encoding human histone macroH2A1 subtypes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] (ISOFORMS 1 AND 2)TISSUE SPECIFICITYIdentification of genes expressed in human CD34(+) hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells by expressed sequence tags and efficient full-length cDNA cloning.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORMS 2 AND 3)Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORM 2)The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 5.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORM 2)Novel tumor antigens identified by autologous antibody screening of childhood medulloblastoma cDNA libraries.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] OF 6-372 (ISOFORM 3)Histone macroH2A1 is concentrated in the inactive X chromosome of female mammals.SUBCELLULAR LOCATIONThe histone variant macroH2A interferes with transcription factor binding and SWI/SNF nucleosome remodeling.FUNCTIONHistone variant macroH2A1.2 is mono-ubiquitinated at its histone domain.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-116 AND LYS-117IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYFormation of MacroH2A-containing senescence-associated heterochromatin foci and senescence driven by ASF1a and HIRA.FUNCTIONSUBCELLULAR LOCATIONThe macro domain is an ADP-ribose binding module.BINDING TO ADP-RIBOSE (ISOFORM 1)Stable X chromosome inactivation involves the PRC1 Polycomb complex and requires histone MACROH2A1 and the CULLIN3/SPOP ubiquitin E3 ligase.IDENTIFICATION IN A COMPLEX WITH CULLIN3 AND SPOPUBIQUITINATIONSUBCELLULAR LOCATIONFUNCTIONGlobal, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT THR-129 AND THR-178IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Mechanism of polymerase II transcription repression by the histone variant macroH2A.FUNCTIONMapping post-translational modifications of the histone variant MacroH2A1 using tandem mass spectrometry.METHYLATION AT LYS-18 AND LYS-123PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-129IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYImproved titanium dioxide enrichment of phosphopeptides from HeLa cells and high confident phosphopeptide identification by cross-validation of MS/MS and MS/MS/MS spectra.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT THR-129IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]A quantitative atlas of mitotic phosphorylation.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-170 AND THR-178IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Lys-N and trypsin cover complementary parts of the phosphoproteome in a refined SCX-based approach.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of T cell receptor signaling reveals system-wide modulation of protein-protein interactions.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT THR-129; SER-170; SER-173 AND THR-178IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Quantitative phosphoproteomics reveals widespread full phosphorylation site occupancy during mitosis.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT THR-129 AND THR-178IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]System-wide temporal characterization of the proteome and phosphoproteome of human embryonic stem cell differentiation.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT THR-129 AND SER-170IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Toward a comprehensive characterization of a human cancer cell phosphoproteome.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT THR-129; SER-170; SER-173 AND THR-178IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Structural characterization of the histone variant macroH2A.X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (3.0 ANGSTROMS) OF 1-120 IN COMPLEX WITH THE NUCLEOSOME CORE PARTICLEFUNCTIONSplicing regulates NAD metabolite binding to histone macroH2A.X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (2.54 ANGSTROMS) OF 162-372 (ISOFORM 1)X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (2.92 ANGSTROMS) OF 161-372 (ISOFORM 2)BINDING TO ADP-RIBOSE AND O-ACETYL-ADP-RIBOSE (ISOFORM 1)Structures of SPOP-substrate complexes: insights into molecular architectures of BTB-Cul3 ubiquitin ligases.X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (1.43 ANGSTROMS) OF 172-186 IN COMPLEXES WITH SPOPSUBUNITUBIQUITINATIONVariant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes where it represses transcription. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. Involved in stable X chromosome inactivation. Inhibits the binding of transcription factors and interferes with the activity of remodeling SWI/SNF complexes. Inhibits histone acetylation by EP300 and recruits class I HDACs, which induces a hypoacetylated state of chromatin. In addition, isoform 1, but not isoform 2, binds ADP-ribose and O-acetyl-ADP-ribose, and may be involved in ADP-ribose-mediated chromatin modulation.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. Interacts with HDAC1 and HDAC2 (By similarity). Interacts with SPOP. Part of a complex consisting of H2AFY, CUL3 and SPOP.P46100false2P04626false6A1L162false3P61244false2O95271false6NucleusChromosomeEnriched in inactive X chromosome chromatin and in senescence-associated heterochromatin.O75367-12O75367-21Specifically binds ADP-ribose and O-acetyl-ADP-ribose. Important residues for binding are Asp-203, Gly-224, Gly-314 and Phe-348.O75367-33Ubiquitous.Monoubiquitinated at either Lys-116 or Lys-117. May also be polyubiquitinated. Ubiquitination is mediated by the CUL3/SPOP E3 complex and does not promote proteasomal degradation. Instead, it is required for enrichment in inactive X chromosome chromatin.The number of individuals with antibodies against this antigen is 2-fold higher in pediatric patients with cancer compared to healthy controls.Contains 1 histone H2A domain.Contains 1 Macro domain.3D-structureAcetylationAlternative splicingChromatin regulatorChromosomeComplete proteomeDNA-bindingIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteomeUbl conjugationNLIHSEISNLAGFEVEAIINPTNADIDLKDDLQVVQADIASIDSDAVVHPTNTDFYIGGEVLFFSLPEG
MSSRGGKKKSTKTSRSAKAGVIFPVGRMLRYIKKGHPKYRIGVGAPVYMAAVLEYLTAEI
LELAGNAARDNKKGRVTPRHILLAVANDEELNQLLKGVTIASGGVLPNIHPELLAKKRGS
KGKLEAIITPPPAKKAKSPSQKKPVSKKAGGKKGARKSKKKQGEVSKAASADSTTEGTPA
DGFTVLSTKSLFLGQKLNLIHSEISNLAGFEVEAIINPTNADIDLKDDLGNTLEKKGGKE
FVEAVLELRKKNGPLEVAGAAVSAGHGLPAKFVIHCNSPVWGADKCEELLEKTVKNCLAL
ADDKKLKSIAFPSIGSGRNGFPKQTAAQLILKAISSYFVSTMSSSIKTVYFVLFDSESIG
IYVQEMAKLDAN
P0C0S5B2RD56P17317Q6I9U0H2AZ_HUMANHistone H2A.ZH2A/zH2AFZH2AZHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoSequence of cDNAs for mammalian H2A.Z, an evolutionarily diverged but highly conserved basal histone H2A isoprotein species.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA]The human histone H2A.Z gene. Sequence and regulation.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Cloning of human full open reading frames in Gateway(TM) system entry vector (pDONR201).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Histone ubiquitination: a tagging tail unfolds?UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-122Transcription-induced chromatin remodeling at the c-myc gene involves the local exchange of histone H2A.Z.FUNCTIONPrecise characterization of human histones in the H2A gene family by top down mass spectrometry.MASS SPECTROMETRYQuantitative proteomic analysis of post-translational modifications of human histones.ACETYLATION AT LYS-5; LYS-8 AND LYS-12IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYCharacterization of histones H2A and H2B variants and their post-translational modifications by mass spectrometry.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT LYS-5 AND LYS-8IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT LYS-8; LYS-12 AND LYS-14IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Crystal structure of a nucleosome core particle containing the variant histone H2A.Z.X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (2.6 ANGSTROMS) IN COMPLEX WITH THE NUCLEOSOMEANP32E is a histone chaperone that removes H2A.Z from chromatin.X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (1.48 ANGSTROMS) OF 19-128 IN COMPLEX WITH ANP32E AND HISTONE H2BINTERACTION WITH ANP32ESETD6 monomethylates H2AZ on lysine 7 and is required for the maintenance of embryonic stem cell self-renewal.METHYLATION AT LYS-5 AND LYS-8Variant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. May be involved in the formation of constitutive heterochromatin. May be required for chromosome segregation during cell division.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA. H2A or its variant H2AFZ forms a heterodimer with H2B. H2AFZ interacts with INCENP (By similarity). Interacts (via M6 cassette) with ANP32E; leading to removal of H2A.Z/H2AFZ from the nucleosome.O43257false3NucleusChromosomeMonoubiquitination of Lys-122 gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression.Acetylated on Lys-5, Lys-8 and Lys-12 during interphase. Acetylation disappears at mitosis (By similarity).Monomethylated on Lys-5 and Lys-8 by SETD6. SETD6 predominantly methylates Lys-8, lys-5 being a possible secondary site.Not phosphorylated.Monoisotopic, not modified.Belongs to the histone H2A family.3D-structureAcetylationChromosomeComplete proteomeDNA-bindingIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusReference proteomeUbl conjugation
MAGGKAGKDSGKAKTKAVSRSQRAGLQFPVGRIHRHLKSRTTSHGRVGATAAVYSAAILE
YLTAEVLELAGNASKDLKVKRITPRHLQLAIRGDEELDSLIKATIAGGGVIPHIHKSLIG
KKGQQKTV
Q96A08B2R544Q6NZ98Q6NZA0Q6NZA1H2B1A_HUMANHistone H2B type 1-AHistone H2B, testisTSH2B.1Testis-specific histone H2BHIST1H2BATSH2BHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoHuman testis/sperm-specific histone H2B (hTSH2B). Molecular cloning and characterization.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]TISSUE SPECIFICITYThe human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Monoubiquitination of human histone H2B: the factors involved and their roles in HOX gene regulation.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-122Inhibition of core histones acetylation by carcinogenic nickel(II).ACETYLATION AT LYS-7; LYS-14; LYS-17 AND LYS-22Histone H2B monoubiquitination functions cooperatively with FACT to regulate elongation by RNA polymerase II.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-122Identification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.CROTONYLATION AT LYS-7; LYS-13; LYS-14; LYS-17; LYS-18; LYS-22; LYS-25 AND LYS-36The RING finger protein MSL2 in the MOF complex is an E3 ubiquitin ligase for H2B K34 and is involved in crosstalk with H3 K4 and K79 methylation.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-36Histone variants and their post-translational modifications in primary human fat cells.ACETYLATION AT LYS-87METHYLATION AT ARG-81; LYS-87; ARG-88 AND ARG-94PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-86FUNCTIONTISSUE SPECIFICITYVariant histone specifically required to direct the transformation of dissociating nucleosomes to protamine in male germ cells. Entirely replaces classical histone H2B prior nucleosome to protamine transition and probably acts as a nucleosome dissociating factor that creates a more dynamic chromatin, facilitating the large-scale exchange of histones. Also expressed maternally and is present in the female pronucleus, suggesting a similar role in protamine replacement by nucleosomes at fertilization (By similarity). Also found in fat cells, its function and the presence of post-translational modifications specific to such cells are still unclear. Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.NucleusChromosomeMainly expressed in testis, and the corresponding protein is also present in mature sperm (at protein level). Also found in some fat cells.Monoubiquitination at Lys-36 (H2BK34Ub) by the MSL1/MSL2 dimer is required for histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) and 'Lys-79' (H3K79me) methylation and transcription activation at specific gene loci, such as HOXA9 and MEIS1 loci. Similarly, monoubiquitination at Lys-122 (H2BK120Ub) by the RNF20/40 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation and is also prerequisite for histone H3 'Lys-4' and 'Lys-79' methylation. It also functions cooperatively with the FACT dimer to stimulate elongation by RNA polymerase II. H2BK120Ub also acts as a regulator of mRNA splicing: deubiquitination by USP49 is required for efficient cotranscriptional splicing of a large set of exons.Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.Acetylated during spermatogenesis. Acetylated form is most abundant in spermatogonia compared to spermatocytes and round spermatids (By similarity).Phosphorylated at Thr-117 in spermatogonia, spermatocytes and round spermatids.Methylated at Lys-118 in spermatogonia, spermatocytes and round spermatids.Belongs to the histone H2B family.3D-structureAcetylationChromosomeComplete proteomeDNA-bindingIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteomeUbl conjugationPAKESP
MPEVSSKGATISKKGFKKAVVKTQKKEGKKRKRTRKESYSIYIYKVLKQVHPDTGISSKA
MSIMNSFVTDIFERIASEASRLAHYSKRSTISSREIQTAVRLLLPGELAKHAVSEGTKAV
TKYTSSK
P33778Q4KN36H2B1B_HUMANHistone H2B type 1-BHistone H2B.1Histone H2B.fH2B/fHIST1H2BBH2BFFHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoIsolation and characterization of two human H1 histone genes within clusters of core histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Global regulation of post-translational modifications on core histones.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYMETHYLATIONPHOSPHORYLATIONApoptotic phosphorylation of histone H2B is mediated by mammalian sterile twenty kinase.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-15Monoubiquitination of human histone H2B: the factors involved and their roles in HOX gene regulation.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121Inhibition of core histones acetylation by carcinogenic nickel(II).ACETYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-13; LYS-16 AND LYS-21Histone H2B monoubiquitination functions cooperatively with FACT to regulate elongation by RNA polymerase II.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT LYS-13; LYS-16; LYS-17; LYS-21 AND LYS-24IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Identification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.CROTONYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-12; LYS-13; LYS-16; LYS-17; LYS-21; LYS-24 AND LYS-35The RING finger protein MSL2 in the MOF complex is an E3 ubiquitin ligase for H2B K34 and is involved in crosstalk with H3 K4 and K79 methylation.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-35USP49 deubiquitinates histone H2B and regulates cotranscriptional pre-mRNA splicing.UBIQUITINATIONDEUBIQUITINATION BY USP49Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.NucleusChromosomeMonoubiquitination at Lys-35 (H2BK34Ub) by the MSL1/MSL2 dimer is required for histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) and 'Lys-79' (H3K79me) methylation and transcription activation at specific gene loci, such as HOXA9 and MEIS1 loci. Similarly, monoubiquitination at Lys-121 (H2BK120Ub) by the RNF20/40 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation and is also prerequisite for histone H3 'Lys-4' and 'Lys-79' methylation. It also functions cooperatively with the FACT dimer to stimulate elongation by RNA polymerase II. H2BK120Ub also acts as a regulator of mRNA splicing: deubiquitination by USP49 is required for efficient cotranscriptional splicing of a large set of exons.Phosphorylation at Ser-37 (H2BS36ph) by AMPK in response to stress promotes transcription (By similarity). Phosphorylated on Ser-15 (H2BS14ph) by STK4/MST1 during apoptosis; which facilitates apoptotic chromatin condensation. Also phosphorylated on Ser-15 in response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), and in correlation with somatic hypermutation and immunoglobulin class-switch recombination.GlcNAcylation at Ser-113 promotes monoubiquitination of Lys-121. It fluctuates in response to extracellular glucose, and associates with transcribed genes (By similarity).Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.Belongs to the histone H2B family.3D-structureAcetylationChromosomeComplete proteomeDNA-bindingGlycoproteinIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteomeUbl conjugation
MPEPSKSAPAPKKGSKKAITKAQKKDGKKRKRSRKESYSIYVYKVLKQVHPDTGISSKAM
GIMNSFVNDIFERIAGEASRLAHYNKRSTITSREIQTAVRLLLPGELAKHAVSEGTKAVT
KYTSSK
P62807P02278Q3B872Q4VB69Q93078Q93080H2B1C_HUMANHistone H2B type 1-C/E/F/G/IHistone H2B.1 AHistone H2B.aH2B/aHistone H2B.gH2B/gHistone H2B.hH2B/hHistone H2B.kH2B/kHistone H2B.lH2B/lHIST1H2BCH2BFLHIST1H2BEH2BFHHIST1H2BFH2BFGHIST1H2BGH2BFAHIST1H2BIH2BFKHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoIsolation and characterization of two human H1 histone genes within clusters of core histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] (HIST1H2BG)Human histone gene organization: nonregular arrangement within a large cluster.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] (HIST1H2BC; HIST1H2BE; HIST1H2BF AND HIST1H2BI)VARIANT SER-27The human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] (HIST1H2BC; HIST1H2BE; HIST1H2BF; HIST1H2BG AND HIST1H2BI)The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA] (HIST1H2BC; HIST1H2BE; HIST1H2BF; HIST1H2BG AND HIST1H2BI)The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Human spleen histone H2B. Isolation and amino acid sequence.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-126Endotoxin-neutralizing antimicrobial proteins of the human placenta.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-21FUNCTIONBiochemical and antibacterial analysis of human wound and blister fluid.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-13Antimicrobial peptides in the first line defence of human colon mucosa.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-13FUNCTIONAntimicrobial polypeptides of the human colonic epithelium.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-13FUNCTIONQuantitative proteomic analysis of post-translational modifications of human histones.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 7-24ACETYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-12; LYS-13; LYS-16; LYS-17 AND LYS-21METHYLATION AT LYS-47; LYS-58 AND LYS-109UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYApoptotic phosphorylation of histone H2B is mediated by mammalian sterile twenty kinase.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-15Monoubiquitination of human histone H2B: the factors involved and their roles in HOX gene regulation.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121Inhibition of core histones acetylation by carcinogenic nickel(II).ACETYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-13; LYS-16 AND LYS-21Histone H2B monoubiquitination functions cooperatively with FACT to regulate elongation by RNA polymerase II.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121Gene-specific characterization of human histone H2B by electron capture dissociation.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYThe RING finger protein MSL2 in the MOF complex is an E3 ubiquitin ligase for H2B K34 and is involved in crosstalk with H3 K4 and K79 methylation.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-35GlcNAcylation of histone H2B facilitates its monoubiquitination.GLYCOSYLATION AT SER-113UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121Identification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.CROTONYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-12; LYS-13; LYS-16; LYS-17; LYS-21; LYS-24 AND LYS-35USP49 deubiquitinates histone H2B and regulates cotranscriptional pre-mRNA splicing.UBIQUITINATIONDEUBIQUITINATION BY USP49Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.Has broad antibacterial activity. May contribute to the formation of the functional antimicrobial barrier of the colonic epithelium, and to the bactericidal activity of amniotic fluid.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.Q13625-3false3NucleusChromosomeMonoubiquitination at Lys-35 (H2BK34Ub) by the MSL1/MSL2 dimer is required for histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) and 'Lys-79' (H3K79me) methylation and transcription activation at specific gene loci, such as HOXA9 and MEIS1 loci. Similarly, monoubiquitination at Lys-121 (H2BK120Ub) by the RNF20/40 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation and is also prerequisite for histone H3 'Lys-4' and 'Lys-79' methylation. It also functions cooperatively with the FACT dimer to stimulate elongation by RNA polymerase II. H2BK120Ub also acts as a regulator of mRNA splicing: deubiquitination by USP49 is required for efficient cotranscriptional splicing of a large set of exons.Phosphorylation at Ser-37 (H2BS36ph) by AMPK in response to stress promotes transcription (By similarity). Phosphorylated on Ser-15 (H2BS14ph) by STK4/MST1 during apoptosis; which facilitates apoptotic chromatin condensation. Also phosphorylated on Ser-15 in response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), and in correlation with somatic hypermutation and immunoglobulin class-switch recombination.GlcNAcylation at Ser-113 promotes monoubiquitination of Lys-121. It fluctuates in response to extracellular glucose, and associates with transcribed genes.Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.Belongs to the histone H2B family.AcetylationAntibioticAntimicrobialChromosomeComplete proteomeDirect protein sequencingDNA-bindingGlycoproteinIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinPolymorphismReference proteomeUbl conjugationGSASST
MPEPAKSAPAPKKGSKKAVTKAQKKDGKKRKRSRKESYSVYVYKVLKQVHPDTGISSKAM
GIMNSFVNDIFERIAGEASRLAHYNKRSTITSREIQTAVRLLLPGELAKHAVSEGTKAVT
KYTSSK
P58876H2B1D_HUMANHistone H2B type 1-DHIRA-interacting protein 2Histone H2B.1 BHistone H2B.bH2B/bHIST1H2BDH2BFBHIRIP2Homo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoCore histones and HIRIP3, a novel histone-binding protein, directly interact with WD repeat protein HIRA.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA]INTERACTION WITH HIRAIsolation and characterization of two human H1 histone genes within clusters of core histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Quantitative proteomic analysis of post-translational modifications of human histones.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 7-24ACETYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-12; LYS-13; LYS-16; LYS-17 AND LYS-21METHYLATION AT LYS-47; LYS-58 AND LYS-109UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYApoptotic phosphorylation of histone H2B is mediated by mammalian sterile twenty kinase.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-15Monoubiquitination of human histone H2B: the factors involved and their roles in HOX gene regulation.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121Inhibition of core histones acetylation by carcinogenic nickel(II).ACETYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-13; LYS-16 AND LYS-21Histone H2B monoubiquitination functions cooperatively with FACT to regulate elongation by RNA polymerase II.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121Gene-specific characterization of human histone H2B by electron capture dissociation.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYCharacterization of histones H2A and H2B variants and their post-translational modifications by mass spectrometry.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT LYS-6IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Identification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.CROTONYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-12; LYS-13; LYS-16; LYS-17; LYS-21; LYS-24 AND LYS-35The RING finger protein MSL2 in the MOF complex is an E3 ubiquitin ligase for H2B K34 and is involved in crosstalk with H3 K4 and K79 methylation.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-35N-terminal acetylome analyses and functional insights of the N-terminal acetyltransferase NatB.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]USP49 deubiquitinates histone H2B and regulates cotranscriptional pre-mRNA splicing.UBIQUITINATIONDEUBIQUITINATION BY USP49System-wide analysis of SUMOylation dynamics in response to replication stress reveals novel small ubiquitin-like modified target proteins and acceptor lysines relevant for genome stability.SUMOYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT LYS-6IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.NucleusChromosomeMonoubiquitination at Lys-35 (H2BK34Ub) by the MSL1/MSL2 dimer is required for histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) and 'Lys-79' (H3K79me) methylation and transcription activation at specific gene loci, such as HOXA9 and MEIS1 loci. Similarly, monoubiquitination at Lys-121 (H2BK120Ub) by the RNF20/40 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation and is also prerequisite for histone H3 'Lys-4' and 'Lys-79' methylation. It also functions cooperatively with the FACT dimer to stimulate elongation by RNA polymerase II. H2BK120Ub also acts as a regulator of mRNA splicing: deubiquitination by USP49 is required for efficient cotranscriptional splicing of a large set of exons.Phosphorylation at Ser-37 (H2BS36ph) by AMPK in response to stress promotes transcription (By similarity). Phosphorylated on Ser-15 (H2BS14ph) by STK4/MST1 during apoptosis; which facilitates apoptotic chromatin condensation. Also phosphorylated on Ser-15 in response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), and in correlation with somatic hypermutation and immunoglobulin class-switch recombination.GlcNAcylation at Ser-113 promotes monoubiquitination of Lys-121. It fluctuates in response to extracellular glucose, and associates with transcribed genes (By similarity).Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.The mouse orthologous protein seems not to exist.Belongs to the histone H2B family.AcetylationChromosomeComplete proteomeDirect protein sequencingDNA-bindingGlycoproteinIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteomeUbl conjugation
MPEPTKSAPAPKKGSKKAVTKAQKKDGKKRKRSRKESYSVYVYKVLKQVHPDTGISSKAM
GIMNSFVNDIFERIAGEASRLAHYNKRSTITSREIQTAVRLLLPGELAKHAVSEGTKAVT
KYTSSK
Q93079B2R541Q4VB74H2B1H_HUMANHistone H2B type 1-HHistone H2B.jH2B/jHIST1H2BHH2BFJHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoHuman histone gene organization: nonregular arrangement within a large cluster.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]Quantitative proteomic analysis of post-translational modifications of human histones.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 7-24ACETYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-12; LYS-13; LYS-16; LYS-17 AND LYS-21METHYLATION AT LYS-47; LYS-58 AND LYS-109UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYApoptotic phosphorylation of histone H2B is mediated by mammalian sterile twenty kinase.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-15Monoubiquitination of human histone H2B: the factors involved and their roles in HOX gene regulation.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121Inhibition of core histones acetylation by carcinogenic nickel(II).ACETYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-13; LYS-16 AND LYS-21Histone H2B monoubiquitination functions cooperatively with FACT to regulate elongation by RNA polymerase II.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121Gene-specific characterization of human histone H2B by electron capture dissociation.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYIdentification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.CROTONYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-12; LYS-13; LYS-16; LYS-17; LYS-21; LYS-24 AND LYS-35The RING finger protein MSL2 in the MOF complex is an E3 ubiquitin ligase for H2B K34 and is involved in crosstalk with H3 K4 and K79 methylation.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-35USP49 deubiquitinates histone H2B and regulates cotranscriptional pre-mRNA splicing.UBIQUITINATIONDEUBIQUITINATION BY USP49Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.NucleusChromosomeMonoubiquitination at Lys-35 (H2BK34Ub) by the MSL1/MSL2 dimer is required for histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) and 'Lys-79' (H3K79me) methylation and transcription activation at specific gene loci, such as HOXA9 and MEIS1 loci. Similarly, monoubiquitination at Lys-121 (H2BK120Ub) by the RNF20/40 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation and is also prerequisite for histone H3 'Lys-4' and 'Lys-79' methylation. It also functions cooperatively with the FACT dimer to stimulate elongation by RNA polymerase II. H2BK120Ub also acts as a regulator of mRNA splicing: deubiquitination by USP49 is required for efficient cotranscriptional splicing of a large set of exons.Phosphorylation at Ser-37 (H2BS36ph) by AMPK in response to stress promotes transcription (By similarity). Phosphorylated on Ser-15 (H2BS14ph) by STK4/MST1 during apoptosis; which facilitates apoptotic chromatin condensation. Also phosphorylated on Ser-15 in response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), and in correlation with somatic hypermutation and immunoglobulin class-switch recombination.GlcNAcylation at Ser-113 promotes monoubiquitination of Lys-121. It fluctuates in response to extracellular glucose, and associates with transcribed genes (By similarity).Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.Belongs to the histone H2B family.AcetylationChromosomeComplete proteomeDirect protein sequencingDNA-bindingGlycoproteinIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteomeUbl conjugation
MPDPAKSAPAPKKGSKKAVTKAQKKDGKKRKRSRKESYSVYVYKVLKQVHPDTGISSKAM
GIMNSFVNDIFERIAGEASRLAHYNKRSTITSREIQTAVRLLLPGELAKHAVSEGTKAVT
KYTSSK
P06899B2R4J4O60816H2B1J_HUMANHistone H2B type 1-JHistone H2B.1Histone H2B.rH2B/rHIST1H2BJH2BFRHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoThe primary structure and expression of four cloned human histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]Glucocorticoid-induced lymphocytolysis is not mediated by an induced endonuclease.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-27Endotoxin-neutralizing antimicrobial proteins of the human placenta.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-21FUNCTIONBiochemical and antibacterial analysis of human wound and blister fluid.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-13Antimicrobial peptides in the first line defence of human colon mucosa.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-13FUNCTIONAntimicrobial polypeptides of the human colonic epithelium.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-13FUNCTIONQuantitative proteomic analysis of post-translational modifications of human histones.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 7-24ACETYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-12; LYS-13; LYS-16; LYS-17 AND LYS-21METHYLATION AT LYS-47; LYS-58 AND LYS-109UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYGlobal regulation of post-translational modifications on core histones.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYMETHYLATIONApoptotic phosphorylation of histone H2B is mediated by mammalian sterile twenty kinase.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-15Monoubiquitination of human histone H2B: the factors involved and their roles in HOX gene regulation.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121Inhibition of core histones acetylation by carcinogenic nickel(II).ACETYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-13; LYS-16 AND LYS-21Histone H2B monoubiquitination functions cooperatively with FACT to regulate elongation by RNA polymerase II.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121Identification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.CROTONYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-12; LYS-13; LYS-16; LYS-17; LYS-21; LYS-24 AND LYS-35The RING finger protein MSL2 in the MOF complex is an E3 ubiquitin ligase for H2B K34 and is involved in crosstalk with H3 K4 and K79 methylation.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-35USP49 deubiquitinates histone H2B and regulates cotranscriptional pre-mRNA splicing.UBIQUITINATIONDEUBIQUITINATION BY USP49ANP32E is a histone chaperone that removes H2A.Z from chromatin.X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (1.48 ANGSTROMS) OF 31-126 IN COMPLEX WITH H2AFZ AND ANP32ECore component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.Has broad antibacterial activity. May contribute to the formation of the functional antimicrobial barrier of the colonic epithelium, and to the bactericidal activity of amniotic fluid.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.NucleusChromosomeMonoubiquitination at Lys-35 (H2BK34Ub) by the MSL1/MSL2 dimer is required for histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) and 'Lys-79' (H3K79me) methylation and transcription activation at specific gene loci, such as HOXA9 and MEIS1 loci. Similarly, monoubiquitination at Lys-121 (H2BK120Ub) by the RNF20/40 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation and is also prerequisite for histone H3 'Lys-4' and 'Lys-79' methylation. It also functions cooperatively with the FACT dimer to stimulate elongation by RNA polymerase II. H2BK120Ub also acts as a regulator of mRNA splicing: deubiquitination by USP49 is required for efficient cotranscriptional splicing of a large set of exons.Phosphorylation at Ser-37 (H2BS36ph) by AMPK in response to stress promotes transcription (By similarity). Phosphorylated on Ser-15 (H2BS14ph) by STK4/MST1 during apoptosis; which facilitates apoptotic chromatin condensation. Also phosphorylated on Ser-15 in response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), and in correlation with somatic hypermutation and immunoglobulin class-switch recombination.GlcNAcylation at Ser-113 promotes monoubiquitination of Lys-121. It fluctuates in response to extracellular glucose, and associates with transcribed genes (By similarity).Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.Belongs to the histone H2B family.3D-structureAcetylationAntibioticAntimicrobialChromosomeComplete proteomeDirect protein sequencingDNA-bindingGlycoproteinIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteomeUbl conjugationKRKRSSAAH
MPEPAKSAPAPKKGSKKAVTKAQKKDGKKRKRSRKESYSIYVYKVLKQVHPDTGISSKAM
GIMNSFVNDIFERIAGEASRLAHYNKRSTITSREIQTAVRLLLPGELAKHAVSEGTKAVT
KYTSAK
O60814A8K7P7Q2VPI7H2B1K_HUMANHistone H2B type 1-KH2B KHIRA-interacting protein 1HIST1H2BKH2BFTHIRIP1Homo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoCore histones and HIRIP3, a novel histone-binding protein, directly interact with WD repeat protein HIRA.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA]INTERACTION WITH HIRAThe human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Endotoxin-neutralizing antimicrobial proteins of the human placenta.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-21FUNCTIONBiochemical and antibacterial analysis of human wound and blister fluid.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-13Antimicrobial peptides in the first line defence of human colon mucosa.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-13FUNCTIONAntimicrobial polypeptides of the human colonic epithelium.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-13FUNCTIONQuantitative proteomic analysis of post-translational modifications of human histones.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 7-24ACETYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-12; LYS-13; LYS-16; LYS-17 AND LYS-21METHYLATION AT LYS-47; LYS-58 AND LYS-109UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYApoptotic phosphorylation of histone H2B is mediated by mammalian sterile twenty kinase.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-15Monoubiquitination of human histone H2B: the factors involved and their roles in HOX gene regulation.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121Inhibition of core histones acetylation by carcinogenic nickel(II).ACETYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-13; LYS-16 AND LYS-21Histone H2B monoubiquitination functions cooperatively with FACT to regulate elongation by RNA polymerase II.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121The RING finger protein MSL2 in the MOF complex is an E3 ubiquitin ligase for H2B K34 and is involved in crosstalk with H3 K4 and K79 methylation.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-35Alteration of the nucleosomal DNA path in the crystal structure of a human nucleosome core particle.X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (2.5 ANGSTROMS)Gene-specific characterization of human histone H2B by electron capture dissociation.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYIdentification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.CROTONYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-12; LYS-13; LYS-16; LYS-17; LYS-21; LYS-24 AND LYS-35USP49 deubiquitinates histone H2B and regulates cotranscriptional pre-mRNA splicing.UBIQUITINATIONDEUBIQUITINATION BY USP49Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.Has broad antibacterial activity. May contribute to the formation of the functional antimicrobial barrier of the colonic epithelium, and to the bactericidal activity of amniotic fluid.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.NucleusChromosomeMonoubiquitination at Lys-35 (H2BK34Ub) by the MSL1/MSL2 dimer is required for histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) and 'Lys-79' (H3K79me) methylation and transcription activation at specific gene loci, such as HOXA9 and MEIS1 loci. Similarly, monoubiquitination at Lys-121 (H2BK120Ub) by the RNF20/40 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation and is also prerequisite for histone H3 'Lys-4' and 'Lys-79' methylation. It also functions cooperatively with the FACT dimer to stimulate elongation by RNA polymerase II. H2BK120Ub also acts as a regulator of mRNA splicing: deubiquitination by USP49 is required for efficient cotranscriptional splicing of a large set of exons.Phosphorylation at Ser-37 (H2BS36ph) by AMPK in response to stress promotes transcription (By similarity). Phosphorylated on Ser-15 (H2BS14ph) by STK4/MST1 during apoptosis; which facilitates apoptotic chromatin condensation. Also phosphorylated on Ser-15 in response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), and in correlation with somatic hypermutation and immunoglobulin class-switch recombination.GlcNAcylation at Ser-113 promotes monoubiquitination of Lys-121. It fluctuates in response to extracellular glucose, and associates with transcribed genes (By similarity).Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.Belongs to the histone H2B family.3D-structureAcetylationAntibioticAntimicrobialChromosomeComplete proteomeDirect protein sequencingDNA-bindingGlycoproteinIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteomeUbl conjugation
MPEPAKSAPAPKKGSKKAVTKAQKKDGKKRKRSRKESYSVYVYKVLKQVHPDTGISSKAM
GIMNSFVNDIFERIAGEASRLAHYNKRSTITSREIQTAVRLLLPGELAKHAVSEGTKAVT
KYTSAK
Q99880B2R5A3Q52LW9H2B1L_HUMANHistone H2B type 1-LHistone H2B.cH2B/cHIST1H2BLH2BFCHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoThe human histone gene cluster at the D6S105 locus.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Quantitative proteomic analysis of post-translational modifications of human histones.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 7-24ACETYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-12; LYS-13; LYS-16; LYS-17 AND LYS-21METHYLATION AT LYS-47; LYS-58 AND LYS-109UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYApoptotic phosphorylation of histone H2B is mediated by mammalian sterile twenty kinase.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-15Monoubiquitination of human histone H2B: the factors involved and their roles in HOX gene regulation.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121Inhibition of core histones acetylation by carcinogenic nickel(II).ACETYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-13; LYS-16 AND LYS-21Histone H2B monoubiquitination functions cooperatively with FACT to regulate elongation by RNA polymerase II.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121Characterization of histones H2A and H2B variants and their post-translational modifications by mass spectrometry.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT LYS-6IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Identification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.CROTONYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-12; LYS-13; LYS-16; LYS-17; LYS-21; LYS-24 AND LYS-35The RING finger protein MSL2 in the MOF complex is an E3 ubiquitin ligase for H2B K34 and is involved in crosstalk with H3 K4 and K79 methylation.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-35N-terminal acetylome analyses and functional insights of the N-terminal acetyltransferase NatB.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]USP49 deubiquitinates histone H2B and regulates cotranscriptional pre-mRNA splicing.UBIQUITINATIONDEUBIQUITINATION BY USP49Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.NucleusChromosomeMonoubiquitination at Lys-35 (H2BK34Ub) by the MSL1/MSL2 dimer is required for histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) and 'Lys-79' (H3K79me) methylation and transcription activation at specific gene loci, such as HOXA9 and MEIS1 loci. Similarly, monoubiquitination at Lys-121 (H2BK120Ub) by the RNF20/40 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation and is also prerequisite for histone H3 'Lys-4' and 'Lys-79' methylation. It also functions cooperatively with the FACT dimer to stimulate elongation by RNA polymerase II. H2BK120Ub also acts as a regulator of mRNA splicing: deubiquitination by USP49 is required for efficient cotranscriptional splicing of a large set of exons.Phosphorylation at Ser-37 (H2BS36ph) by AMPK in response to stress promotes transcription (By similarity). Phosphorylated on Ser-15 (H2BS14ph) by STK4/MST1 during apoptosis; which facilitates apoptotic chromatin condensation. Also phosphorylated on Ser-15 in response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), and in correlation with somatic hypermutation and immunoglobulin class-switch recombination.GlcNAcylation at Ser-113 promotes monoubiquitination of Lys-121. It fluctuates in response to extracellular glucose, and associates with transcribed genes (By similarity).Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.Belongs to the histone H2B family.AcetylationChromosomeComplete proteomeDirect protein sequencingDNA-bindingGlycoproteinIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinPolymorphismReference proteomeUbl conjugationLP
MPELAKSAPAPKKGSKKAVTKAQKKDGKKRKRSRKESYSVYVYKVLKQVHPDTGISSKAM
GIMNSFVNDIFERIASEASRLAHYNKRSTITSREIQTAVRLLLPGELAKHAVSEGTKAVT
KYTSSK
Q99879Q6NWQ3H2B1M_HUMANHistone H2B type 1-MHistone H2B.eH2B/eHIST1H2BMH2BFEHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoThe human histone gene cluster at the D6S105 locus.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 59-73IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYApoptotic phosphorylation of histone H2B is mediated by mammalian sterile twenty kinase.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-15Monoubiquitination of human histone H2B: the factors involved and their roles in HOX gene regulation.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121Inhibition of core histones acetylation by carcinogenic nickel(II).ACETYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-13; LYS-16 AND LYS-21Histone H2B monoubiquitination functions cooperatively with FACT to regulate elongation by RNA polymerase II.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121Gene-specific characterization of human histone H2B by electron capture dissociation.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYLysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT LYS-6; LYS-13; LYS-16; LYS-17; LYS-21 AND LYS-24IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Identification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.CROTONYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-12; LYS-13; LYS-16; LYS-17; LYS-21; LYS-24 AND LYS-35The RING finger protein MSL2 in the MOF complex is an E3 ubiquitin ligase for H2B K34 and is involved in crosstalk with H3 K4 and K79 methylation.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-35USP49 deubiquitinates histone H2B and regulates cotranscriptional pre-mRNA splicing.UBIQUITINATIONDEUBIQUITINATION BY USP49The consensus coding sequences of human breast and colorectal cancers.VARIANT [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] TYR-110Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.NucleusChromosomeMonoubiquitination at Lys-35 (H2BK34Ub) by the MSL1/MSL2 dimer is required for histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) and 'Lys-79' (H3K79me) methylation and transcription activation at specific gene loci, such as HOXA9 and MEIS1 loci. Similarly, monoubiquitination at Lys-121 (H2BK120Ub) by the RNF20/40 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation and is also prerequisite for histone H3 'Lys-4' and 'Lys-79' methylation. It also functions cooperatively with the FACT dimer to stimulate elongation by RNA polymerase II. H2BK120Ub also acts as a regulator of mRNA splicing: deubiquitination by USP49 is required for efficient cotranscriptional splicing of a large set of exons.Phosphorylation at Ser-37 (H2BS36ph) by AMPK in response to stress promotes transcription (By similarity). Phosphorylated on Ser-15 (H2BS14ph) by STK4/MST1 during apoptosis; which facilitates apoptotic chromatin condensation. Also phosphorylated on Ser-15 in response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), and in correlation with somatic hypermutation and immunoglobulin class-switch recombination.GlcNAcylation at Ser-113 promotes monoubiquitination of Lys-121. It fluctuates in response to extracellular glucose, and associates with transcribed genes (By similarity).Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.Belongs to the histone H2B family.AcetylationChromosomeComplete proteomeDirect protein sequencingDNA-bindingGlycoproteinIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinPolymorphismReference proteomeUbl conjugationHYGR
MPEPVKSAPVPKKGSKKAINKAQKKDGKKRKRSRKESYSVYVYKVLKQVHPDTGISSKAM
GIMNSFVNDIFERIAGEASRLAHYNKRSTITSREIQTAVRLLLPGELAKHAVSEGTKAVT
KYTSSK
Q99877B2R5L4Q494S8Q96FB7H2B1N_HUMANHistone H2B type 1-NHistone H2B.dH2B/dHIST1H2BNH2BFDHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoThe human histone gene cluster at the D6S105 locus.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Quantitative proteomic analysis of post-translational modifications of human histones.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 7-24ACETYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-12; LYS-13; LYS-16; LYS-17 AND LYS-21METHYLATION AT LYS-47; LYS-58 AND LYS-109UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYApoptotic phosphorylation of histone H2B is mediated by mammalian sterile twenty kinase.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-15Monoubiquitination of human histone H2B: the factors involved and their roles in HOX gene regulation.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121Inhibition of core histones acetylation by carcinogenic nickel(II).ACETYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-13; LYS-16 AND LYS-21Histone H2B monoubiquitination functions cooperatively with FACT to regulate elongation by RNA polymerase II.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121Characterization of histones H2A and H2B variants and their post-translational modifications by mass spectrometry.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Identification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.CROTONYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-12; LYS-13; LYS-16; LYS-17; LYS-21; LYS-24 AND LYS-35The RING finger protein MSL2 in the MOF complex is an E3 ubiquitin ligase for H2B K34 and is involved in crosstalk with H3 K4 and K79 methylation.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-35USP49 deubiquitinates histone H2B and regulates cotranscriptional pre-mRNA splicing.UBIQUITINATIONDEUBIQUITINATION BY USP49Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.NucleusChromosomeMonoubiquitination at Lys-35 (H2BK34Ub) by the MSL1/MSL2 dimer is required for histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) and 'Lys-79' (H3K79me) methylation and transcription activation at specific gene loci, such as HOXA9 and MEIS1 loci. Similarly, monoubiquitination at Lys-121 (H2BK120Ub) by the RNF20/40 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation and is also prerequisite for histone H3 'Lys-4' and 'Lys-79' methylation. It also functions cooperatively with the FACT dimer to stimulate elongation by RNA polymerase II. H2BK120Ub also acts as a regulator of mRNA splicing: deubiquitination by USP49 is required for efficient cotranscriptional splicing of a large set of exons.Phosphorylation at Ser-37 (H2BS36ph) by AMPK in response to stress promotes transcription (By similarity). Phosphorylated on Ser-15 (H2BS14ph) by STK4/MST1 during apoptosis; which facilitates apoptotic chromatin condensation. Also phosphorylated on Ser-15 in response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), and in correlation with somatic hypermutation and immunoglobulin class-switch recombination.GlcNAcylation at Ser-113 promotes monoubiquitination of Lys-121. It fluctuates in response to extracellular glucose, and associates with transcribed genes (By similarity).Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.Belongs to the histone H2B family.AcetylationChromosomeComplete proteomeDirect protein sequencingDNA-bindingGlycoproteinIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteomeUbl conjugation
MPEPSKSAPAPKKGSKKAVTKAQKKDGKKRKRSRKESYSVYVYKVLKQVHPDTGISSKAM
GIMNSFVNDIFERIAGEASRLAHYNKRSTITSREIQTAVRLLLPGELAKHAVSEGTKAVT
KYTSSK
P23527Q3KPI7Q8TCV6H2B1O_HUMANHistone H2B type 1-OHistone H2B.2Histone H2B.nH2B/nHIST1H2BOH2BFHH2BFNHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoA novel divergently transcribed human histone H2A/H2B gene pair.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-12; 35-47; 59-73 AND 110-126CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINEACETYLATION AT PRO-2IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYQuantitative proteomic analysis of post-translational modifications of human histones.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 7-24ACETYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-12; LYS-13; LYS-16; LYS-17 AND LYS-21METHYLATION AT LYS-47; LYS-58 AND LYS-109UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYApoptotic phosphorylation of histone H2B is mediated by mammalian sterile twenty kinase.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-15Monoubiquitination of human histone H2B: the factors involved and their roles in HOX gene regulation.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121Inhibition of core histones acetylation by carcinogenic nickel(II).ACETYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-13; LYS-16 AND LYS-21Histone H2B monoubiquitination functions cooperatively with FACT to regulate elongation by RNA polymerase II.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121Identification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.CROTONYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-12; LYS-13; LYS-16; LYS-17; LYS-21; LYS-24 AND LYS-35The RING finger protein MSL2 in the MOF complex is an E3 ubiquitin ligase for H2B K34 and is involved in crosstalk with H3 K4 and K79 methylation.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-35USP49 deubiquitinates histone H2B and regulates cotranscriptional pre-mRNA splicing.UBIQUITINATIONDEUBIQUITINATION BY USP49Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.NucleusChromosomeMonoubiquitination at Lys-35 (H2BK34Ub) by the MSL1/MSL2 dimer is required for histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) and 'Lys-79' (H3K79me) methylation and transcription activation at specific gene loci, such as HOXA9 and MEIS1 loci. Similarly, monoubiquitination at Lys-121 (H2BK120Ub) by the RNF20/40 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation and is also prerequisite for histone H3 'Lys-4' and 'Lys-79' methylation. It also functions cooperatively with the FACT dimer to stimulate elongation by RNA polymerase II. H2BK120Ub also acts as a regulator of mRNA splicing: deubiquitination by USP49 is required for efficient cotranscriptional splicing of a large set of exons.Phosphorylation at Ser-37 (H2BS36ph) by AMPK in response to stress promotes transcription (By similarity). Phosphorylated on Ser-15 (H2BS14ph) by STK4/MST1 during apoptosis; which facilitates apoptotic chromatin condensation. Also phosphorylated on Ser-15 in response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), and in correlation with somatic hypermutation and immunoglobulin class-switch recombination.GlcNAcylation at Ser-113 promotes monoubiquitination of Lys-121. It fluctuates in response to extracellular glucose, and associates with transcribed genes (By similarity).Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.The mouse orthologous protein seems not to exist.Belongs to the histone H2B family.AcetylationChromosomeComplete proteomeDirect protein sequencingDNA-bindingGlycoproteinIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteomeUbl conjugationKE
MPDPAKSAPAPKKGSKKAVTKAQKKDGKKRKRSRKESYSIYVYKVLKQVHPDTGISSKAM
GIMNSFVNDIFERIAGEASRLAHYNKRSTITSREIQTAVRLLLPGELAKHAVSEGTKAVT
KYTSSK
Q6DN03B7Z677H2B2C_HUMANPutative histone H2B type 2-CHistone H2B.tH2B/tHIST2H2BCHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoThe human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Functional characterization of a human histone gene cluster duplication.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Apoptotic phosphorylation of histone H2B is mediated by mammalian sterile twenty kinase.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-15Inhibition of core histones acetylation by carcinogenic nickel(II).ACETYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-13; LYS-16 AND LYS-21Identification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.CROTONYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-12; LYS-13; LYS-16; LYS-17; LYS-21; LYS-24 AND LYS-35Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.NucleusChromosomePhosphorylation at Ser-37 (H2BS36ph) by AMPK in response to stress promotes transcription (By similarity). Phosphorylated on Ser-15 (H2BS14ph) by STK4/MST1 during apoptosis; which facilitates apoptotic chromatin condensation. Also phosphorylated on Ser-15 in response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), and in correlation with somatic hypermutation and immunoglobulin class-switch recombination.Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.The mouse orthologous protein seems not to exist.Belongs to the histone H2B family.Could be the product of a pseudogene. In contrast to other H2B histones, it does not contain the conserved residue in C-terminus that is the target of monoubiquitination.AcetylationChromosomeComplete proteomeDNA-bindingIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteomeUbl conjugation
MPEPAKFAPAPKKGSKKAVTKAQKKDGKKRKRSRKESYSIYVYKVLKRVHPDTGIWCKAM
GIMNSFLNDIFERIAGEASRLAHYNKRSTITSRRSRRPCACCCPASWPSTPCPRAPRRSP
STPAPSESLPGPGARSLPPSLPPRVAGCFVSKGSFQGHLTTSVKESFLCCQSQLMFLASR
LVNFRRAHNTKHR
Q6DRA6H2B2D_HUMANPutative histone H2B type 2-DHIST2H2BDHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoThe human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Functional characterization of a human histone gene cluster duplication.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Apoptotic phosphorylation of histone H2B is mediated by mammalian sterile twenty kinase.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-15Inhibition of core histones acetylation by carcinogenic nickel(II).ACETYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-13; LYS-16 AND LYS-21Identification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.CROTONYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-12; LYS-13; LYS-16; LYS-17; LYS-21; LYS-24 AND LYS-35Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.NucleusChromosomePhosphorylation at Ser-37 (H2BS36ph) by AMPK in response to stress promotes transcription (By similarity). Phosphorylated on Ser-15 (H2BS14ph) by STK4/MST1 during apoptosis; which facilitates apoptotic chromatin condensation. Also phosphorylated on Ser-15 in response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), and in correlation with somatic hypermutation and immunoglobulin class-switch recombination.Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.The mouse orthologous protein seems not to exist.Belongs to the histone H2B family.Could be the product of a pseudogene. In contrast to other H2B histones, it does not contain the conserved residue in C-terminus that is the target of monoubiquitination.AcetylationChromosomeComplete proteomeDNA-bindingIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteomeUbl conjugation
MPEPAKFAPAPKKGSKKAVTKAQKKDGKKRKRSRKESYSIYVYKVLKRVHPDTGIWCKAM
GIMNSFLNDIFERIAGEASRLAHYNKRSTITSRRSRRPCACCCPASWPSTPCPRAPRRSP
STPAPSESLPGPGARSLPPSLPPRVAGCFVSKGSFQGHLTPLVK
Q16778A3KMC7A8K110Q4KMY1Q5QNX0Q9UE88H2B2E_HUMANHistone H2B type 2-EHistone H2B-GL105Histone H2B.qH2B/qHIST2H2BEH2BFQHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoA human histone H2B.1 variant gene, located on chromosome 1, utilizes alternative 3' end processing.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Cloning of human full open reading frames in Gateway(TM) system entry vector (pDONR201).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Endotoxin-neutralizing antimicrobial proteins of the human placenta.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-21FUNCTIONBiochemical and antibacterial analysis of human wound and blister fluid.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-13Antimicrobial peptides in the first line defence of human colon mucosa.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-13FUNCTIONAntimicrobial polypeptides of the human colonic epithelium.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-13FUNCTIONQuantitative proteomic analysis of post-translational modifications of human histones.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 7-24ACETYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-12; LYS-13; LYS-16; LYS-17 AND LYS-21METHYLATION AT LYS-47; LYS-58 AND LYS-109UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYIsolation and characterization of a cDNA from a human histone H2B gene which is reciprocally expressed in relation to replication-dependent H2B histone genes during HL60 cell differentiation.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] OF 26-126Apoptotic phosphorylation of histone H2B is mediated by mammalian sterile twenty kinase.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-15Monoubiquitination of human histone H2B: the factors involved and their roles in HOX gene regulation.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121Inhibition of core histones acetylation by carcinogenic nickel(II).ACETYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-13; LYS-16 AND LYS-21Histone H2B monoubiquitination functions cooperatively with FACT to regulate elongation by RNA polymerase II.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121Gene-specific characterization of human histone H2B by electron capture dissociation.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYIdentification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.CROTONYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-12; LYS-13; LYS-16; LYS-17; LYS-21; LYS-24 AND LYS-35The RING finger protein MSL2 in the MOF complex is an E3 ubiquitin ligase for H2B K34 and is involved in crosstalk with H3 K4 and K79 methylation.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-35USP49 deubiquitinates histone H2B and regulates cotranscriptional pre-mRNA splicing.UBIQUITINATIONDEUBIQUITINATION BY USP49Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.Has broad antibacterial activity. May contribute to the formation of the functional antimicrobial barrier of the colonic epithelium, and to the bactericidal activity of amniotic fluid.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.NucleusChromosomeMonoubiquitination at Lys-35 (H2BK34Ub) by the MSL1/MSL2 dimer is required for histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) and 'Lys-79' (H3K79me) methylation and transcription activation at specific gene loci, such as HOXA9 and MEIS1 loci. Similarly, monoubiquitination at Lys-121 (H2BK120Ub) by the RNF20/40 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation and is also prerequisite for histone H3 'Lys-4' and 'Lys-79' methylation. It also functions cooperatively with the FACT dimer to stimulate elongation by RNA polymerase II. H2BK120Ub also acts as a regulator of mRNA splicing: deubiquitination by USP49 is required for efficient cotranscriptional splicing of a large set of exons.Phosphorylation at Ser-37 (H2BS36ph) by AMPK in response to stress promotes transcription (By similarity). Phosphorylated on Ser-15 (H2BS14ph) by STK4/MST1 during apoptosis; which facilitates apoptotic chromatin condensation. Also phosphorylated on Ser-15 in response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), and in correlation with somatic hypermutation and immunoglobulin class-switch recombination.GlcNAcylation at Ser-113 promotes monoubiquitination of Lys-121. It fluctuates in response to extracellular glucose, and associates with transcribed genes (By similarity).Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.Belongs to the histone H2B family.3D-structureAcetylationAntibioticAntimicrobialChromosomeComplete proteomeDirect protein sequencingDNA-bindingGlycoproteinIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteomeUbl conjugationAS
MPEPAKSAPAPKKGSKKAVTKAQKKDGKKRKRSRKESYSIYVYKVLKQVHPDTGISSKAM
GIMNSFVNDIFERIAGEASRLAHYNKRSTITSREIQTAVRLLLPGELAKHAVSEGTKAVT
KYTSSK
Q5QNW6A8K0U9B4DLA9H2B2F_HUMANHistone H2B type 2-FHIST2H2BFHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoComplete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORMS 1 AND 2)The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORM 1)Apoptotic phosphorylation of histone H2B is mediated by mammalian sterile twenty kinase.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-15Monoubiquitination of human histone H2B: the factors involved and their roles in HOX gene regulation.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121Inhibition of core histones acetylation by carcinogenic nickel(II).ACETYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-13; LYS-16 AND LYS-21Histone H2B monoubiquitination functions cooperatively with FACT to regulate elongation by RNA polymerase II.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121Characterization of histones H2A and H2B variants and their post-translational modifications by mass spectrometry.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT LYS-16; LYS-17 AND LYS-21IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Identification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.CROTONYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-12; LYS-13; LYS-16; LYS-17; LYS-21; LYS-24 AND LYS-35The RING finger protein MSL2 in the MOF complex is an E3 ubiquitin ligase for H2B K34 and is involved in crosstalk with H3 K4 and K79 methylation.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-35N-terminal acetylome analyses and functional insights of the N-terminal acetyltransferase NatB.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]USP49 deubiquitinates histone H2B and regulates cotranscriptional pre-mRNA splicing.UBIQUITINATIONDEUBIQUITINATION BY USP49Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.NucleusChromosomeQ5QNW6-11Q5QNW6-22No experimental confirmation available.Monoubiquitination at Lys-35 (H2BK34Ub) by the MSL1/MSL2 dimer is required for histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) and 'Lys-79' (H3K79me) methylation and transcription activation at specific gene loci, such as HOXA9 and MEIS1 loci. Similarly, monoubiquitination at Lys-121 (H2BK120Ub) by the RNF20/40 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation and is also prerequisite for histone H3 'Lys-4' and 'Lys-79' methylation. It also functions cooperatively with the FACT dimer to stimulate elongation by RNA polymerase II. H2BK120Ub also acts as a regulator of mRNA splicing: deubiquitination by USP49 is required for efficient cotranscriptional splicing of a large set of exons.Phosphorylation at Ser-37 (H2BS36ph) by AMPK in response to stress promotes transcription (By similarity). Phosphorylated on Ser-15 (H2BS14ph) by STK4/MST1 during apoptosis; which facilitates apoptotic chromatin condensation. Also phosphorylated on Ser-15 in response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), and in correlation with somatic hypermutation and immunoglobulin class-switch recombination.GlcNAcylation at Ser-113 promotes monoubiquitination of Lys-121. It fluctuates in response to extracellular glucose, and associates with transcribed genes (By similarity).Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.Belongs to the histone H2B family.AcetylationAlternative splicingChromosomeComplete proteomeDNA-bindingGlycoproteinIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteomeUbl conjugationKKLIGPILWK
MPDPAKSAPAPKKGSKKAVTKVQKKDGKKRKRSRKESYSVYVYKVLKQVHPDTGISSKAM
GIMNSFVNDIFERIAGEASRLAHYNKRSTITSREIQTAVRLLLPGELAKHAVSEGTKAVT
KYTSSK
Q8N257A4FU05Q3ZCP6Q5TA30H2B3B_HUMANHistone H2B type 3-BH2B type 12HIST3H2BBHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoThe human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Quantitative proteomic analysis of post-translational modifications of human histones.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 7-24ACETYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-12; LYS-13; LYS-16; LYS-17 AND LYS-21METHYLATION AT LYS-47; LYS-58 AND LYS-109UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYApoptotic phosphorylation of histone H2B is mediated by mammalian sterile twenty kinase.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-15Monoubiquitination of human histone H2B: the factors involved and their roles in HOX gene regulation.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121Inhibition of core histones acetylation by carcinogenic nickel(II).ACETYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-13; LYS-16 AND LYS-21Histone H2B monoubiquitination functions cooperatively with FACT to regulate elongation by RNA polymerase II.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121Characterization of histones H2A and H2B variants and their post-translational modifications by mass spectrometry.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Identification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.CROTONYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-12; LYS-13; LYS-16; LYS-17; LYS-21; LYS-24 AND LYS-35The RING finger protein MSL2 in the MOF complex is an E3 ubiquitin ligase for H2B K34 and is involved in crosstalk with H3 K4 and K79 methylation.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-35USP49 deubiquitinates histone H2B and regulates cotranscriptional pre-mRNA splicing.UBIQUITINATIONDEUBIQUITINATION BY USP49Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.NucleusChromosomeMonoubiquitination at Lys-35 (H2BK34Ub) by the MSL1/MSL2 dimer is required for histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) and 'Lys-79' (H3K79me) methylation and transcription activation at specific gene loci, such as HOXA9 and MEIS1 loci. Similarly, monoubiquitination at Lys-121 (H2BK120Ub) by the RNF20/40 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation and is also prerequisite for histone H3 'Lys-4' and 'Lys-79' methylation. It also functions cooperatively with the FACT dimer to stimulate elongation by RNA polymerase II. H2BK120Ub also acts as a regulator of mRNA splicing: deubiquitination by USP49 is required for efficient cotranscriptional splicing of a large set of exons.Phosphorylation at Ser-37 (H2BS36ph) by AMPK in response to stress promotes transcription (By similarity). Phosphorylated on Ser-15 (H2BS14ph) by STK4/MST1 during apoptosis; which facilitates apoptotic chromatin condensation. Also phosphorylated on Ser-15 in response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), and in correlation with somatic hypermutation and immunoglobulin class-switch recombination.GlcNAcylation at Ser-113 promotes monoubiquitination of Lys-121. It fluctuates in response to extracellular glucose, and associates with transcribed genes (By similarity).Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.Belongs to the histone H2B family.AcetylationChromosomeComplete proteomeDirect protein sequencingDNA-bindingGlycoproteinIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteomeUbl conjugation
MPDPSKSAPAPKKGSKKAVTKAQKKDGKKRKRGRKESYSIYVYKVLKQVHPDTGISSKAM
GIMNSFVNDIFERIASEASRLAHYNKRSTITSREVQTAVRLLLPGELAKHAVSEGTKAVT
KYTSSK
P0C1H6A6NP82H2BFM_HUMANHistone H2B type F-MHistone H2B.sH2B/sH2BFMHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoComplete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]The DNA sequence of the human X chromosome.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]A quantitative atlas of mitotic phosphorylation.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.NucleusChromosomeIn contrast to other H2B histones, it does not contain the conserved residue in C-terminus that is the target of monoubiquitination.Belongs to the histone H2B family.ChromosomeComplete proteomeDNA-bindingNucleosome coreNucleusReference proteome
MAAASAMAEASSETTSEEGQSIQEPKEANSTKAQKQKRRGCRGSRRRHANRRGDSFGDSF
TPYFPRVLKQVHQGLSLSQEAVSVMDSMIHDILDRIATEAGQLAHYTKRVTITSRDIQMA
VRLLLPGKMGKLAEAQGTNAALRTSLCAIWQQRK
P57053A0AVF9Q5R2W0H2BFS_HUMANHistone H2B type F-SHistone H2B.sH2B/sH2BFSHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoGenomic structure of putative H2B histone family protein gene.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The DNA sequence of human chromosome 21.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]Endotoxin-neutralizing antimicrobial proteins of the human placenta.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-21FUNCTIONBiochemical and antibacterial analysis of human wound and blister fluid.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-13Antimicrobial peptides in the first line defence of human colon mucosa.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-13FUNCTIONAntimicrobial polypeptides of the human colonic epithelium.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-13FUNCTIONQuantitative proteomic analysis of post-translational modifications of human histones.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 7-24ACETYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-12; LYS-13; LYS-16; LYS-17 AND LYS-21METHYLATION AT LYS-47; LYS-58 AND LYS-109UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYApoptotic phosphorylation of histone H2B is mediated by mammalian sterile twenty kinase.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-15Monoubiquitination of human histone H2B: the factors involved and their roles in HOX gene regulation.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121Inhibition of core histones acetylation by carcinogenic nickel(II).ACETYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-13; LYS-16 AND LYS-21Histone H2B monoubiquitination functions cooperatively with FACT to regulate elongation by RNA polymerase II.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-121Identification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.CROTONYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-12; LYS-13; LYS-16; LYS-17; LYS-21; LYS-24 AND LYS-35The RING finger protein MSL2 in the MOF complex is an E3 ubiquitin ligase for H2B K34 and is involved in crosstalk with H3 K4 and K79 methylation.UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-35USP49 deubiquitinates histone H2B and regulates cotranscriptional pre-mRNA splicing.UBIQUITINATIONDEUBIQUITINATION BY USP49Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.Has broad antibacterial activity. May contribute to the formation of the functional antimicrobial barrier of the colonic epithelium, and to the bactericidal activity of amniotic fluid.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.NucleusChromosomeMonoubiquitination at Lys-35 (H2BK34Ub) by the MSL1/MSL2 dimer is required for histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) and 'Lys-79' (H3K79me) methylation and transcription activation at specific gene loci, such as HOXA9 and MEIS1 loci. Similarly, monoubiquitination at Lys-121 (H2BK120Ub) by the RNF20/40 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation and is also prerequisite for histone H3 'Lys-4' and 'Lys-79' methylation. It also functions cooperatively with the FACT dimer to stimulate elongation by RNA polymerase II. H2BK120Ub also acts as a regulator of mRNA splicing: deubiquitination by USP49 is required for efficient cotranscriptional splicing of a large set of exons.Phosphorylation at Ser-37 (H2BS36ph) by AMPK in response to stress promotes transcription (By similarity). Phosphorylated on Ser-15 (H2BS14ph) by STK4/MST1 during apoptosis; which facilitates apoptotic chromatin condensation. Also phosphorylated on Ser-15 in response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), and in correlation with somatic hypermutation and immunoglobulin class-switch recombination.GlcNAcylation at Ser-113 promotes monoubiquitination of Lys-121. It fluctuates in response to extracellular glucose, and associates with transcribed genes (By similarity).Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.Belongs to the histone H2B family.AcetylationAntibioticAntimicrobialChromosomeComplete proteomeDirect protein sequencingDNA-bindingGlycoproteinIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteomeUbl conjugation
MPEPAKSAPAPKKGSKKAVTKAQKKDGRKRKRSRKESYSVYVYKVLKQVHPDTGISSKAM
GIMNSFVNDIFERIAGEASRLPHYNKRSTITSREIQTAVRLLLPGELAKHAVSEGTKAVT
KYTSAK
Q7Z2G1B1AK72Q147W3H2BWT_HUMANHistone H2B type W-TH2B histone family member W testis-specificH2BFWTHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoNovel human testis-specific histone H2B encoded by the interrupted gene on the X chromosome.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA / MRNA]TISSUE SPECIFICITYSUBCELLULAR LOCATIONVARIANT HIS-123The DNA sequence of the human X chromosome.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]VARIANT HIS-123The NH2 tail of the novel histone variant H2BFWT exhibits properties distinct from conventional H2B with respect to the assembly of mitotic chromosomes.FUNCTIONAtypical histone H2B. Nucleosomes containing it are structurally and dynamically indistinguishable from those containing conventional H2B. However, unlike conventional H2B, does not recruit chromosome condensation factors and does not participate in the assembly of mitotic chromosomes. May be important for telomere function.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.Nucleus membraneChromosomeTestis-specific. Present in sperm cells (at protein level).In contrast to other H2B histones, it does not contain the conserved residue in C-terminus that is the target of monoubiquitination.Ortholog in primates, but not in rodents.Belongs to the histone H2B family.ChromosomeComplete proteomeDNA-bindingMembraneNucleosome coreNucleusPolymorphismReference proteomeRWRH
MLRTEVPRLPRSTTAIVWSCHLMATASAMAGPSSETTSEEQLITQEPKEANSTTSQKQSK
QRKRGRHGPRRCHSNCRGDSFATYFRRVLKQVHQGLSLSREAVSVMDSLVHDILDRIATE
AGRLARSTKRQTITAWETRMAVRLLLPGQMGKLAESEGTKAVLRTSLYAIQQQRK
Q16695B2R5K3Q6FGU4H31T_HUMANHistone H3.1tH3/tH3tH3/gHIST3H3H3FTHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoA solitary human H3 histone gene on chromosome 1.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Cloning of human full open reading frames in Gateway(TM) system entry vector (pDONR201).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Kinase-selective enrichment enables quantitative phosphoproteomics of the kinome across the cell cycle.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-29IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT LYS-19 AND LYS-24IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Quantitative interaction proteomics and genome-wide profiling of epigenetic histone marks and their readers.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-58 AND THR-81Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.P16104false11O60341false2O75164false6Q9UHJ3false4NucleusChromosomeExpressed in testicular cells.Expressed during S phase, then expression strongly decreases as cell division slows down during the process of differentiation.Acetylation is generally linked to gene activation. Acetylation on Lys-10 (H3K9ac) impairs methylation at Arg-9 (H3R8me2s). Acetylation on Lys-19 (H3K18ac) and Lys-24 (H3K24ac) favors methylation at Arg-18 (H3R17me). Acetylation at Lys-123 (H3K122ac) by EP300/p300 plays a central role in chromatin structure: localizes at the surface of the histone octamer and stimulates transcription, possibly by promoting nucleosome instability (By similarity).Citrullination at Arg-9 (H3R8ci) and/or Arg-18 (H3R17ci) by PADI4 impairs methylation and represses transcription.Asymmetric dimethylation at Arg-18 (H3R17me2a) by CARM1 is linked to gene activation. Symmetric dimethylation at Arg-9 (H3R8me2s) by PRMT5 is linked to gene repression. Asymmetric dimethylation at Arg-3 (H3R2me2a) by PRMT6 is linked to gene repression and is mutually exclusive with H3 Lys-5 methylation (H3K4me2 and H3K4me3). H3R2me2a is present at the 3' of genes regardless of their transcription state and is enriched on inactive promoters, while it is absent on active promoters (By similarity).Methylation at Lys-5 (H3K4me), Lys-37 (H3K36me) and Lys-80 (H3K79me) are linked to gene activation. Methylation at Lys-5 (H3K4me) facilitates subsequent acetylation of H3 and H4. Methylation at Lys-80 (H3K79me) is associated with DNA double-strand break (DSB) responses and is a specific target for TP53BP1. Methylation at Lys-10 (H3K9me) and Lys-28 (H3K27me) are linked to gene repression. Methylation at Lys-10 (H3K9me) is a specific target for HP1 proteins (CBX1, CBX3 and CBX5) and prevents subsequent phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) and acetylation of H3 and H4. Methylation at Lys-5 (H3K4me) and Lys-80 (H3K79me) require preliminary monoubiquitination of H2B at 'Lys-120'. Methylation at Lys-10 (H3K9me) and Lys-28 (H3K27me) are enriched in inactive X chromosome chromatin. Monomethylation at Lys-57 (H3K56me1) by EHMT2/G9A in G1 phase promotes interaction with PCNA and is required for DNA replication (By similarity).Phosphorylated at Thr-4 (H3T3ph) by GSG2/haspin during prophase and dephosphorylated during anaphase. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) by AURKB is crucial for chromosome condensation and cell-cycle progression during mitosis and meiosis. In addition phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) by RPS6KA4 and RPS6KA5 is important during interphase because it enables the transcription of genes following external stimulation, like mitogens, stress, growth factors or UV irradiation and result in the activation of genes, such as c-fos and c-jun. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph), which is linked to gene activation, prevents methylation at Lys-10 (H3K9me) but facilitates acetylation of H3 and H4. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) by AURKB mediates the dissociation of HP1 proteins (CBX1, CBX3 and CBX5) from heterochromatin. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) is also an essential regulatory mechanism for neoplastic cell transformation. Phosphorylated at Ser-29 (H3S28ph) by MLTK isoform 1, RPS6KA5 or AURKB during mitosis or upon ultraviolet B irradiation. Phosphorylation at Thr-7 (H3T6ph) by PRKCB is a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation that prevents demethylation of Lys-5 (H3K4me) by LSD1/KDM1A. At centromeres, specifically phosphorylated at Thr-12 (H3T11ph) from prophase to early anaphase, by DAPK3 and PKN1. Phosphorylation at Thr-12 (H3T11ph) by PKN1 is a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation that promotes demethylation of Lys-10 (H3K9me) by KDM4C/JMJD2C. Phosphorylation at Tyr-42 (H3Y41ph) by JAK2 promotes exclusion of CBX5 (HP1 alpha) from chromatin (By similarity).Ubiquitinated.Lysine deamination at Lys-5 (H3K4all) to form allysine is mediated by LOXL2. Allysine formation by LOXL2 only takes place on H3K4me3 and results in gene repression (By similarity).Belongs to the histone H3 family.3D-structureAcetylationChromosomeCitrullinationComplete proteomeDNA-bindingMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteomeUbl conjugation
MARTKQTARKSTGGKAPRKQLATKVARKSAPATGGVKKPHRYRPGTVALREIRRYQKSTE
LLIRKLPFQRLMREIAQDFKTDLRFQSSAVMALQEACESYLVGLFEDTNLCVIHAKRVTI
MPKDIQLARRIRGERA
P68431A0PJT7A5PLR1P02295P02296P16106Q6ISV8Q6NWP8Q6NWP9Q6NXU4Q71DJ3Q93081H31_HUMANHistone H3.1Histone H3/aHistone H3/bHistone H3/cHistone H3/dHistone H3/fHistone H3/hHistone H3/iHistone H3/jHistone H3/kHistone H3/lHIST1H3AH3FAHIST1H3BH3FLHIST1H3CH3FCHIST1H3DH3FBHIST1H3EH3FDHIST1H3FH3FIHIST1H3GH3FHHIST1H3HH3FKHIST1H3IH3FFHIST1H3JH3FJHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoThe primary structure and expression of four cloned human histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] (HIST1H3B)Enhancer-facilitated expression of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes using human histone gene 5' regulatory sequences.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Isolation and characterization of two human H1 histone genes within clusters of core histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] (H3FD)Association of a human H1 histone gene with an H2A pseudogene and genes encoding H2B.1 and H3.1 histones.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Expression of human histone h1.1 and the nearby core histones.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Characterization of the H1.5 gene completes the set of human H1 subtype genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] (HIST1H3I)Human histone gene organization: nonregular arrangement within a large cluster.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] (HIST1H3D; HIST1H3F AND HIST1H3G)The human histone gene cluster at the D6S105 locus.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] (HIST1H3H AND HIST1H3J)The human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] (HIST1H3A; HIST1H3B; HIST1H3C; HIST1H3D; HIST1H3E; HIST1H3F; HIST1H3G; HIST1H3H; HIST1H3I; HIST1H3J)Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Cloning of human full open reading frames in Gateway(TM) system entry vector (pDONR201).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Human spleen histone H3. Isolation and amino acid sequence.PARTIAL PROTEIN SEQUENCEModifications of human histone H3 variants during mitosis.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-20METHYLATION AT LYS-10; LYS-28 AND LYS-37PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-4; SER-11 AND SER-29ACETYLATION AT LYS-10 AND LYS-15IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYIdentification of a novel phosphorylation site on histone H3 coupled with mitotic chromosome condensation.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 58-64; 117-120 AND 124-135PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-11 AND SER-29Methylation of histone H3 lysine 9 creates a binding site for HP1 proteins.METHYLATION AT LYS-10Aurora-B phosphorylates Histone H3 at serine28 with regard to the mitotic chromosome condensation.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-11 AND SER-29Novel mitosis-specific phosphorylation of histone H3 at Thr11 mediated by Dlk/ZIP kinase.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-11 AND THR-12Ligand-dependent activation of the farnesoid X-receptor directs arginine methylation of histone H3 by CARM1.METHYLATION AT ARG-18Methylated lysine 79 of histone H3 targets 53BP1 to DNA double-strand breaks.METHYLATION AT LYS-80Human PAD4 regulates histone arginine methylation levels via demethylimination.CITRULLINATION AT ARG-9 AND ARG-18METHYLATION AT ARG-18The kinase haspin is required for mitotic histone H3 Thr 3 phosphorylation and normal metaphase chromosome alignment.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-4; SER-11 AND SER-29Phosphorylation of Ser28 in histone H3 mediated by mixed lineage kinase-like mitogen-activated protein triple kinase alpha.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-29Protein identification using sequential ion/ion reactions and tandem mass spectrometry.METHYLATION AT LYS-37 AND LYS-38IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYExpression patterns and post-translational modifications associated with mammalian histone H3 variants.ACETYLATION AT LYS-10; LYS-15; LYS-19 AND LYS-24METHYLATION AT LYS-5; LYS-10; LYS-19; LYS-28; LYS-37; LYS-65; LYS-80 AND LYS-123IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYMass spectrometric characterization of human histone H3: a bird's eye view.METHYLATION AT LYS-5 AND LYS-10ACETYLATION AT LYS-10; LYS-15 AND LYS-24PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-11 AND SER-29IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYHistone H3 and H4 ubiquitylation by the CUL4-DDB-ROC1 ubiquitin ligase facilitates cellular response to DNA damage.UBIQUITINATIONQuantitative proteomic analysis of post-translational modifications of human histones.ACETYLATION AT LYS-10; LYS-15; LYS-19; LYS-24 AND LYS-28METHYLATION AT LYS-28; LYS-37 AND LYS-80IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYCoactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase-1 enhances nuclear factor-kappaB-mediated gene transcription through methylation of histone H3 at arginine 17.ACETYLATION AT LYS-10 AND LYS-15METHYLATION AT ARG-18CITRULLINATION AT ARG-18Structural basis for histone N-terminal recognition by human peptidylarginine deiminase 4.CITRULLINATION AT ARG-3; ARG-9; ARG-18 AND ARG-27PRMT6-mediated methylation of R2 in histone H3 antagonizes H3 K4 trimethylation.METHYLATION AT ARG-3 BY PRMT6Organismal differences in post-translational modifications in histones H3 and H4.ACETYLATION AT LYS-5; LYS-10; LYS-15; LYS-19; LYS-24; LYS-28; LYS-37; LYS-57 AND LYS-80METHYLATION AT LYS-5; LYS-10; LYS-19; LYS-24; LYS-28; LYS-37; LYS-57; LYS-65; LYS-80 AND LYS-123IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYIdentification of histone H3 lysine 36 acetylation as a highly conserved histone modification.ACETYLATION AT LYS-37Methylation of histone H3R2 by PRMT6 and H3K4 by an MLL complex are mutually exclusive.METHYLATION AT ARG-3 BY PRMT6Chk1 is a histone H3 threonine 11 kinase that regulates DNA damage-induced transcriptional repression.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-12 BY CHEK1Arginine methylation of the histone H3 tail impedes effector binding.METHYLATION AT ARG-3 BY PRMT6Phosphorylation of histone H3 at threonine 11 establishes a novel chromatin mark for transcriptional regulation.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-12Acetylation of histone H3 at the nucleosome dyad alters DNA-histone binding.ACETYLATION AT LYS-116 AND LYS-123JAK2 phosphorylates histone H3Y41 and excludes HP1alpha from chromatin.PHOSPHORYLATION AT TYR-42Quantitative interaction proteomics and genome-wide profiling of epigenetic histone marks and their readers.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-58 AND THR-81Phosphorylation of histone H3T6 by PKCbeta(I) controls demethylation at histone H3K4.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-7Identification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.CROTONYLATION AT LYS-5; LYS-10; LYS-19; LYS-24; LYS-28 AND LYS-57Histone H3 lysine 56 methylation regulates DNA replication through its interaction with PCNA.METHYLATION AT LYS-57Lysyl oxidase-like 2 deaminates lysine 4 in histone H3.ALLYSINE AT LYS-5Regulation of transcription through acetylation of H3K122 on the lateral surface of the histone octamer.ACETYLATION AT LYS-123N-terminome analysis of the human mitochondrial proteome.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Molecular basis for the recognition of phosphorylated and phosphoacetylated histone h3 by 14-3-3.X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (2.0 ANGSTROMS) OF 8-15 IN COMPLEX WITH YWHAZDouble chromodomains cooperate to recognize the methylated histone H3 tail.X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (2.45 ANGSTROMS) OF 2-20 IN COMPLEX WITH CHD1Alteration of the nucleosomal DNA path in the crystal structure of a human nucleosome core particle.X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (2.5 ANGSTROMS)Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.O43918false20P83916false9Q13185false5P45973false9Q9Y232false5Q8WUP2false3P62805false3P42858false2Q9UNL4false3P38991true2O75164false7Q03164false11Q9Y468false2Q99549false5P49321-2false4Q9BVI0false6A8MW92false2P14618-1false3Q8WTS6false4P25554true11Q96ES7false25Q12888false5P61964false11P63104false3NucleusChromosomeExpressed during S phase, then expression strongly decreases as cell division slows down during the process of differentiation.Acetylation is generally linked to gene activation. Acetylation on Lys-10 (H3K9ac) impairs methylation at Arg-9 (H3R8me2s). Acetylation on Lys-19 (H3K18ac) and Lys-24 (H3K24ac) favors methylation at Arg-18 (H3R17me). Acetylation at Lys-123 (H3K122ac) by EP300/p300 plays a central role in chromatin structure: localizes at the surface of the histone octamer and stimulates transcription, possibly by promoting nucleosome instability.Citrullination at Arg-9 (H3R8ci) and/or Arg-18 (H3R17ci) by PADI4 impairs methylation and represses transcription.Asymmetric dimethylation at Arg-18 (H3R17me2a) by CARM1 is linked to gene activation. Symmetric dimethylation at Arg-9 (H3R8me2s) by PRMT5 is linked to gene repression. Asymmetric dimethylation at Arg-3 (H3R2me2a) by PRMT6 is linked to gene repression and is mutually exclusive with H3 Lys-5 methylation (H3K4me2 and H3K4me3). H3R2me2a is present at the 3' of genes regardless of their transcription state and is enriched on inactive promoters, while it is absent on active promoters.Methylation at Lys-5 (H3K4me), Lys-37 (H3K36me) and Lys-80 (H3K79me) are linked to gene activation. Methylation at Lys-5 (H3K4me) facilitates subsequent acetylation of H3 and H4. Methylation at Lys-80 (H3K79me) is associated with DNA double-strand break (DSB) responses and is a specific target for TP53BP1. Methylation at Lys-10 (H3K9me) and Lys-28 (H3K27me) are linked to gene repression. Methylation at Lys-10 (H3K9me) is a specific target for HP1 proteins (CBX1, CBX3 and CBX5) and prevents subsequent phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) and acetylation of H3 and H4. Methylation at Lys-5 (H3K4me) and Lys-80 (H3K79me) require preliminary monoubiquitination of H2B at 'Lys-120'. Methylation at Lys-10 (H3K9me) and Lys-28 (H3K27me) are enriched in inactive X chromosome chromatin. Monomethylation at Lys-57 (H3K56me1) by EHMT2/G9A in G1 phase promotes interaction with PCNA and is required for DNA replication.Phosphorylated at Thr-4 (H3T3ph) by GSG2/haspin during prophase and dephosphorylated during anaphase. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) by AURKB is crucial for chromosome condensation and cell-cycle progression during mitosis and meiosis. In addition phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) by RPS6KA4 and RPS6KA5 is important during interphase because it enables the transcription of genes following external stimulation, like mitogens, stress, growth factors or UV irradiation and result in the activation of genes, such as c-fos and c-jun. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph), which is linked to gene activation, prevents methylation at Lys-10 (H3K9me) but facilitates acetylation of H3 and H4. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) by AURKB mediates the dissociation of HP1 proteins (CBX1, CBX3 and CBX5) from heterochromatin. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) is also an essential regulatory mechanism for neoplastic cell transformation. Phosphorylated at Ser-29 (H3S28ph) by MLTK isoform 1, RPS6KA5 or AURKB during mitosis or upon ultraviolet B irradiation. Phosphorylation at Thr-7 (H3T6ph) by PRKCB is a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation that prevents demethylation of Lys-5 (H3K4me) by LSD1/KDM1A. At centromeres, specifically phosphorylated at Thr-12 (H3T11ph) from prophase to early anaphase, by DAPK3 and PKN1. Phosphorylation at Thr-12 (H3T11ph) by PKN1 is a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation that promotes demethylation of Lys-10 (H3K9me) by KDM4C/JMJD2C. Phosphorylation at Thr-12 (H3T11ph) by chromatin-associated CHEK1 regulates the transcription of cell cycle regulatory genes by modulating acetylation of Lys-10 (H3K9ac). Phosphorylation at Tyr-42 (H3Y41ph) by JAK2 promotes exclusion of CBX5 (HP1 alpha) from chromatin.Monoubiquitinated by RAG1 in lymphoid cells, monoubiquitination is required for V(D)J recombination (By similarity). Ubiquitinated by the CUL4-DDB-RBX1 complex in response to ultraviolet irradiation. This may weaken the interaction between histones and DNA and facilitate DNA accessibility to repair proteins.Lysine deamination at Lys-5 (H3K4all) to form allysine is mediated by LOXL2. Allysine formation by LOXL2 only takes place on H3K4me3 and results in gene repression (PubMed:22483618).Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.This histone is only present in mammals and is enriched in acetylation of Lys-15 and dimethylation of Lys-10 (H3K9me2).Belongs to the histone H3 family.3D-structureAcetylationChromosomeCitrullinationComplete proteomeDirect protein sequencingDNA-bindingMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteomeUbl conjugationRCYTPL
MARTKQTARKSTGGKAPRKQLATKAARKSAPATGGVKKPHRYRPGTVALREIRRYQKSTE
LLIRKLPFQRLVREIAQDFKTDLRFQSSAVMALQEACEAYLVGLFEDTNLCAIHAKRVTI
MPKDIQLARRIRGERA
Q71DI3A2BDF6A6NFS4Q6B053H32_HUMANHistone H3.2Histone H3/mHistone H3/oHIST2H3AHIST2H3CH3F2H3FMHIST2H3DHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoThe human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Functional characterization of a human histone gene cluster duplication.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Modifications of human histone H3 variants during mitosis.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 28-41METHYLATION AT LYS-10; LYS-28 AND LYS-37PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-4; SER-11 AND SER-29ACETYLATION AT LYS-10 AND LYS-15IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYIdentification of a novel phosphorylation site on histone H3 coupled with mitotic chromosome condensation.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 58-64; 117-120 AND 124-135PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-11 AND SER-29Human spleen histone H3. Isolation and amino acid sequence.PARTIAL PROTEIN SEQUENCEMethylation of histone H3 lysine 9 creates a binding site for HP1 proteins.METHYLATION AT LYS-10Aurora-B phosphorylates Histone H3 at serine28 with regard to the mitotic chromosome condensation.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-11 AND SER-29Novel mitosis-specific phosphorylation of histone H3 at Thr11 mediated by Dlk/ZIP kinase.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-11 AND THR-12Ligand-dependent activation of the farnesoid X-receptor directs arginine methylation of histone H3 by CARM1.METHYLATION AT ARG-18Methylated lysine 79 of histone H3 targets 53BP1 to DNA double-strand breaks.METHYLATION AT LYS-80Human PAD4 regulates histone arginine methylation levels via demethylimination.CITRULLINATION AT ARG-9 AND ARG-18METHYLATION AT ARG-18The kinase haspin is required for mitotic histone H3 Thr 3 phosphorylation and normal metaphase chromosome alignment.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-4; SER-11 AND SER-29Phosphorylation of Ser28 in histone H3 mediated by mixed lineage kinase-like mitogen-activated protein triple kinase alpha.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-29Expression patterns and post-translational modifications associated with mammalian histone H3 variants.ACETYLATION AT LYS-10; LYS-15; LYS-19; LYS-24 AND LYS-28METHYLATION AT LYS-5; LYS-10; LYS-19; LYS-28; LYS-37; LYS-65; LYS-80 AND LYS-123IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYHistone H3 and H4 ubiquitylation by the CUL4-DDB-ROC1 ubiquitin ligase facilitates cellular response to DNA damage.UBIQUITINATIONQuantitative proteomic analysis of post-translational modifications of human histones.ACETYLATION AT LYS-10; LYS-15; LYS-19; LYS-24 AND LYS-28METHYLATION AT LYS-28; LYS-37 AND LYS-80IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYCoactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase-1 enhances nuclear factor-kappaB-mediated gene transcription through methylation of histone H3 at arginine 17.ACETYLATION AT LYS-10 AND LYS-15METHYLATION AT ARG-18CITRULLINATION AT ARG-18Structural basis for histone N-terminal recognition by human peptidylarginine deiminase 4.CITRULLINATION AT ARG-3; ARG-9; ARG-18 AND ARG-27PRMT6-mediated methylation of R2 in histone H3 antagonizes H3 K4 trimethylation.METHYLATION AT ARG-3 BY PRMT6Organismal differences in post-translational modifications in histones H3 and H4.ACETYLATION AT LYS-5; LYS-10; LYS-15; LYS-19; LYS-24; LYS-28; LYS-37; LYS-57 AND LYS-80METHYLATION AT LYS-5; LYS-10; LYS-19; LYS-24; LYS-28; LYS-37; LYS-57; LYS-65; LYS-80 AND LYS-123IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYIdentification of histone H3 lysine 36 acetylation as a highly conserved histone modification.ACETYLATION AT LYS-37Methylation of histone H3R2 by PRMT6 and H3K4 by an MLL complex are mutually exclusive.METHYLATION AT ARG-3 BY PRMT6Arginine methylation of the histone H3 tail impedes effector binding.METHYLATION AT ARG-3 BY PRMT6Phosphorylation of histone H3 at threonine 11 establishes a novel chromatin mark for transcriptional regulation.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-12Acetylation of histone H3 at the nucleosome dyad alters DNA-histone binding.ACETYLATION AT LYS-116 AND LYS-123JAK2 phosphorylates histone H3Y41 and excludes HP1alpha from chromatin.PHOSPHORYLATION AT TYR-42Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of T cell receptor signaling reveals system-wide modulation of protein-protein interactions.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT THR-108IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Quantitative interaction proteomics and genome-wide profiling of epigenetic histone marks and their readers.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-58 AND THR-81Phosphorylation of histone H3T6 by PKCbeta(I) controls demethylation at histone H3K4.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-7Identification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.CROTONYLATION AT LYS-5; LYS-10; LYS-19; LYS-24; LYS-28 AND LYS-57Histone H3 lysine 56 methylation regulates DNA replication through its interaction with PCNA.METHYLATION AT LYS-57Lysyl oxidase-like 2 deaminates lysine 4 in histone H3.ALLYSINE AT LYS-5Regulation of transcription through acetylation of H3K122 on the lateral surface of the histone octamer.ACETYLATION AT LYS-123N-terminome analysis of the human mitochondrial proteome.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Structure of the histone chaperone ASF1 bound to the histone H3 C-terminal helix and functional insights.STRUCTURE BY NMR OF 121-136 IN COMPLEX WITH ASF1Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA. During nucleosome assembly the chaperone ASF1A interacts with the histone H3-H4 heterodimer.Q12830-4false2P02545false6P02545-6false3NucleusChromosomeExpressed during S phase, then expression strongly decreases as cell division slows down during the process of differentiation.Acetylation is generally linked to gene activation. Acetylation on Lys-10 (H3K9ac) impairs methylation at Arg-9 (H3R8me2s). Acetylation on Lys-19 (H3K18ac) and Lys-24 (H3K24ac) favors methylation at Arg-18 (H3R17me). Acetylation at Lys-123 (H3K122ac) by EP300/p300 plays a central role in chromatin structure: localizes at the surface of the histone octamer and stimulates transcription, possibly by promoting nucleosome instability.Citrullination at Arg-9 (H3R8ci) and/or Arg-18 (H3R17ci) by PADI4 impairs methylation and represses transcription.Asymmetric dimethylation at Arg-18 (H3R17me2a) by CARM1 is linked to gene activation. Symmetric dimethylation at Arg-9 (H3R8me2s) by PRMT5 is linked to gene repression. Asymmetric dimethylation at Arg-3 (H3R2me2a) by PRMT6 is linked to gene repression and is mutually exclusive with H3 Lys-5 methylation (H3K4me2 and H3K4me3). H3R2me2a is present at the 3' of genes regardless of their transcription state and is enriched on inactive promoters, while it is absent on active promoters.Methylation at Lys-5 (H3K4me), Lys-37 (H3K36me) and Lys-80 (H3K79me) are linked to gene activation. Methylation at Lys-5 (H3K4me) facilitates subsequent acetylation of H3 and H4. Methylation at Lys-80 (H3K79me) is associated with DNA double-strand break (DSB) responses and is a specific target for TP53BP1. Methylation at Lys-10 (H3K9me) and Lys-28 (H3K27me) are linked to gene repression. Methylation at Lys-10 (H3K9me) is a specific target for HP1 proteins (CBX1, CBX3 and CBX5) and prevents subsequent phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) and acetylation of H3 and H4. Methylation at Lys-5 (H3K4me) and Lys-80 (H3K79me) require preliminary monoubiquitination of H2B at 'Lys-120'. Methylation at Lys-10 (H3K9me) and Lys-28 (H3K27me) are enriched in inactive X chromosome chromatin. Monomethylation at Lys-57 (H3K56me1) by EHMT2/G9A in G1 phase promotes interaction with PCNA and is required for DNA replication.Phosphorylated at Thr-4 (H3T3ph) by GSG2/haspin during prophase and dephosphorylated during anaphase. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) by AURKB is crucial for chromosome condensation and cell-cycle progression during mitosis and meiosis. In addition phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) by RPS6KA4 and RPS6KA5 is important during interphase because it enables the transcription of genes following external stimulation, like mitogens, stress, growth factors or UV irradiation and result in the activation of genes, such as c-fos and c-jun. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph), which is linked to gene activation, prevents methylation at Lys-10 (H3K9me) but facilitates acetylation of H3 and H4. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) by AURKB mediates the dissociation of HP1 proteins (CBX1, CBX3 and CBX5) from heterochromatin. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) is also an essential regulatory mechanism for neoplastic cell transformation. Phosphorylated at Ser-29 (H3S28ph) by MLTK isoform 1, RPS6KA5 or AURKB during mitosis or upon ultraviolet B irradiation. Phosphorylation at Thr-7 (H3T6ph) by PRKCB is a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation that prevents demethylation of Lys-5 (H3K4me) by LSD1/KDM1A. At centromeres, specifically phosphorylated at Thr-12 (H3T11ph) from prophase to early anaphase, by DAPK3 and PKN1. Phosphorylation at Thr-12 (H3T11ph) by PKN1 is a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation that promotes demethylation of Lys-10 (H3K9me) by KDM4C/JMJD2C. Phosphorylation at Tyr-42 (H3Y41ph) by JAK2 promotes exclusion of CBX5 (HP1 alpha) from chromatin.Monoubiquitinated by RAG1 in lymphoid cells, monoubiquitination is required for V(D)J recombination (By similarity). Ubiquitinated by the CUL4-DDB-RBX1 complex in response to ultraviolet irradiation. This may weaken the interaction between histones and DNA and facilitate DNA accessibility to repair proteins.Lysine deamination at Lys-5 (H3K4all) to form allysine is mediated by LOXL2. Allysine formation by LOXL2 only takes place on H3K4me3 and results in gene repression (PubMed:22483618).Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.Belongs to the histone H3 family.3D-structureAcetylationChromosomeCitrullinationComplete proteomeDirect protein sequencingDNA-bindingMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinPolymorphismReference proteomeUbl conjugationMTAV
MARTKQTARKSTGGKAPRKQLATKAARKSAPATGGVKKPHRYRPGTVALREIRRYQKSTE
LLIRKLPFQRLVREIAQDFKTDLRFQSSAVMALQEASEAYLVGLFEDTNLCAIHAKRVTI
MPKDIQLARRIRGERA
P84243P06351P33155Q5VV55Q5VV56Q66I33Q9V3W4H33_HUMANHistone H3.3H3F3AH3.3AH3F3PP781H3F3BH3.3BHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoStructure of a human histone cDNA: evidence that basally expressed histone genes have intervening sequences and encode polyadenylylated mRNAs.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] (H3F3A)Unusual structure, evolutionary conservation of non-coding sequences and numerous pseudogenes characterize the human H3.3 histone multigene family.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] (H3F3A)The human replacement histone H3.3B gene (H3F3B).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] (H3F3B)Large-scale cDNA transfection screening for genes related to cancer development and progression.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]The full-ORF clone resource of the German cDNA consortium.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (H3F3B)The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (H3F3A AND H3F3B)Human spleen histone H3. Isolation and amino acid sequence.PARTIAL PROTEIN SEQUENCEMETHYLATION AT LYS-10; LYS-28 AND LYS-37ACETYLATION AT LYS-15 AND LYS-24Modifications of human histone H3 variants during mitosis.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 28-41METHYLATION AT LYS-5; LYS-10; LYS-28 AND LYS-37PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-4; SER-11; SER-29 AND SER-32ACETYLATION AT LYS-10 AND LYS-15IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYIdentification of a novel phosphorylation site on histone H3 coupled with mitotic chromosome condensation.PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 58-64; 117-120 AND 124-135PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-11 AND SER-29Methylation of histone H3 lysine 9 creates a binding site for HP1 proteins.METHYLATION AT LYS-10Aurora-B phosphorylates Histone H3 at serine28 with regard to the mitotic chromosome condensation.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-11 AND SER-29Novel mitosis-specific phosphorylation of histone H3 at Thr11 mediated by Dlk/ZIP kinase.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-11 AND THR-12Histone H3.1 and H3.3 complexes mediate nucleosome assembly pathways dependent or independent of DNA synthesis.FUNCTIONINTERACTION WITH HIRALigand-dependent activation of the farnesoid X-receptor directs arginine methylation of histone H3 by CARM1.METHYLATION AT ARG-18Methylated lysine 79 of histone H3 targets 53BP1 to DNA double-strand breaks.METHYLATION AT LYS-80Human PAD4 regulates histone arginine methylation levels via demethylimination.CITRULLINATION AT ARG-9 AND ARG-18METHYLATION AT ARG-18Variant histone H3.3 marks promoters of transcriptionally active genes during mammalian cell division.FUNCTIONThe kinase haspin is required for mitotic histone H3 Thr 3 phosphorylation and normal metaphase chromosome alignment.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-4; SER-11 AND SER-29Phosphorylation of Ser28 in histone H3 mediated by mixed lineage kinase-like mitogen-activated protein triple kinase alpha.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-29Serine 31 phosphorylation of histone variant H3.3 is specific to regions bordering centromeres in metaphase chromosomes.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-11; SER-29 AND SER-32IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYHistone H3.3 deposition at E2F-regulated genes is linked to transcription.FUNCTIONExpression patterns and post-translational modifications associated with mammalian histone H3 variants.ACETYLATION AT LYS-10; LYS-15; LYS-19; LYS-24 AND LYS-28METHYLATION AT LYS-5; LYS-10; LYS-19; LYS-28; LYS-37; LYS-65; LYS-80 AND LYS-123IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYMass spectrometric characterization of human histone H3: a bird's eye view.METHYLATION AT LYS-5 AND LYS-10ACETYLATION AT LYS-10IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYCoactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase-1 enhances nuclear factor-kappaB-mediated gene transcription through methylation of histone H3 at arginine 17.ACETYLATION AT LYS-10 AND LYS-15METHYLATION AT ARG-18CITRULLINATION AT ARG-18PRMT6-mediated methylation of R2 in histone H3 antagonizes H3 K4 trimethylation.METHYLATION AT ARG-3 BY PRMT6Structural basis for histone N-terminal recognition by human peptidylarginine deiminase 4.CITRULLINATION AT ARG-3; ARG-9; ARG-18 AND ARG-27Organismal differences in post-translational modifications in histones H3 and H4.ACETYLATION AT LYS-5; LYS-10; LYS-15; LYS-19; LYS-24; LYS-28; LYS-37; LYS-57 AND LYS-80METHYLATION AT LYS-5; LYS-10; LYS-19; LYS-24; LYS-28; LYS-37; LYS-57; LYS-65; LYS-80 AND LYS-123IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYIdentification of histone H3 lysine 36 acetylation as a highly conserved histone modification.ACETYLATION AT LYS-37Methylation of histone H3R2 by PRMT6 and H3K4 by an MLL complex are mutually exclusive.METHYLATION AT ARG-3 BY PRMT6Arginine methylation of the histone H3 tail impedes effector binding.METHYLATION AT ARG-3 BY PRMT6Phosphorylation of histone H3 at threonine 11 establishes a novel chromatin mark for transcriptional regulation.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-12Acetylation of histone H3 at the nucleosome dyad alters DNA-histone binding.ACETYLATION AT LYS-116 AND LYS-123JAK2 phosphorylates histone H3Y41 and excludes HP1alpha from chromatin.PHOSPHORYLATION AT TYR-42Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of T cell receptor signaling reveals system-wide modulation of protein-protein interactions.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT LYS-28IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Quantitative interaction proteomics and genome-wide profiling of epigenetic histone marks and their readers.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-58 AND THR-81Phosphorylation of histone H3T6 by PKCbeta(I) controls demethylation at histone H3K4.PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-7Identification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.CROTONYLATION AT LYS-5; LYS-10; LYS-19; LYS-24; LYS-28 AND LYS-57Histone H3 lysine 56 methylation regulates DNA replication through its interaction with PCNA.METHYLATION AT LYS-57Lysyl oxidase-like 2 deaminates lysine 4 in histone H3.ALLYSINE AT LYS-5Regulation of transcription through acetylation of H3K122 on the lateral surface of the histone octamer.ACETYLATION AT LYS-123An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-87IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]N-terminome analysis of the human mitochondrial proteome.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]ZMYND11 links histone H3.3K36me3 to transcription elongation and tumour suppression.X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (2.0 ANGSTROMS) OF 20-43 IN COMPLEX WITH ZMYND11Variant histone H3 which replaces conventional H3 in a wide range of nucleosomes in active genes. Constitutes the predominant form of histone H3 in non-dividing cells and is incorporated into chromatin independently of DNA synthesis. Deposited at sites of nucleosomal displacement throughout transcribed genes, suggesting that it represents an epigenetic imprint of transcriptionally active chromatin. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA. Interacts with HIRA, a chaperone required for its incorporation into nucleosomes. Interacts with ZMYND11; when trimethylated at 'Lys-36' (H3.3K36me3).P45973false2Q9Y6K1false7P62805false3P49321-2false3Q8IZL8false11Q9VK33true15Q5VWG9false3NucleusChromosomeExpressed throughout the cell cycle independently of DNA synthesis.Specific interaction of trimethylated form at 'Lys-36' (H3.3K36me3) with ZMYND11 is mediated by the encapsulation of Ser-32 residue with a composite pocket formed by the tandem bromo-PWWP domains.Acetylation is generally linked to gene activation. Acetylation on Lys-10 (H3K9ac) impairs methylation at Arg-9 (H3R8me2s). Acetylation on Lys-19 (H3K18ac) and Lys-24 (H3K24ac) favors methylation at Arg-18 (H3R17me). Acetylation at Lys-123 (H3K122ac) by EP300/p300 plays a central role in chromatin structure: localizes at the surface of the histone octamer and stimulates transcription, possibly by promoting nucleosome instability.Citrullination at Arg-9 (H3R8ci) and/or Arg-18 (H3R17ci) by PADI4 impairs methylation and represses transcription.Asymmetric dimethylation at Arg-18 (H3R17me2a) by CARM1 is linked to gene activation. Symmetric dimethylation at Arg-9 (H3R8me2s) by PRMT5 is linked to gene repression. Asymmetric dimethylation at Arg-3 (H3R2me2a) by PRMT6 is linked to gene repression and is mutually exclusive with H3 Lys-5 methylation (H3K4me2 and H3K4me3). H3R2me2a is present at the 3' of genes regardless of their transcription state and is enriched on inactive promoters, while it is absent on active promoters.Specifically enriched in modifications associated with active chromatin such as methylation at Lys-5 (H3K4me), Lys-37 and Lys-80. Methylation at Lys-5 (H3K4me) facilitates subsequent acetylation of H3 and H4. Methylation at Lys-80 (H3K79me) is associated with DNA double-strand break (DSB) responses and is a specific target for TP53BP1. Methylation at Lys-10 (H3K9me) and Lys-28 (H3K27me), which are linked to gene repression, are underrepresented. Methylation at Lys-10 (H3K9me) is a specific target for HP1 proteins (CBX1, CBX3 and CBX5) and prevents subsequent phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) and acetylation of H3 and H4. Methylation at Lys-5 (H3K4me) and Lys-80 (H3K79me) require preliminary monoubiquitination of H2B at 'Lys-120'. Methylation at Lys-10 (H3K9me) and Lys-28 (H3K27me) are enriched in inactive X chromosome chromatin. Monomethylation at Lys-57 (H3K56me1) by EHMT2/G9A in G1 phase promotes interaction with PCNA and is required for DNA replication.Phosphorylated at Thr-4 (H3T3ph) by GSG2/haspin during prophase and dephosphorylated during anaphase. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) by AURKB is crucial for chromosome condensation and cell-cycle progression during mitosis and meiosis. In addition phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) by RPS6KA4 and RPS6KA5 is important during interphase because it enables the transcription of genes following external stimulation, like mitogens, stress, growth factors or UV irradiation and result in the activation of genes, such as c-fos and c-jun. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph), which is linked to gene activation, prevents methylation at Lys-10 (H3K9me) but facilitates acetylation of H3 and H4. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) by AURKB mediates the dissociation of HP1 proteins (CBX1, CBX3 and CBX5) from heterochromatin. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) is also an essential regulatory mechanism for neoplastic cell transformation. Phosphorylated at Ser-29 (H3S28ph) by MLTK isoform 1, RPS6KA5 or AURKB during mitosis or upon ultraviolet B irradiation. Phosphorylation at Thr-7 (H3T6ph) by PRKCB is a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation that prevents demethylation of Lys-5 (H3K4me) by LSD1/KDM1A. At centromeres, specifically phosphorylated at Thr-12 (H3T11ph) from prophase to early anaphase, by DAPK3 and PKN1. Phosphorylation at Thr-12 (H3T11ph) by PKN1 is a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation that promotes demethylation of Lys-10 (H3K9me) by KDM4C/JMJD2C. Phosphorylation at Tyr-42 (H3Y41ph) by JAK2 promotes exclusion of CBX5 (HP1 alpha) from chromatin. Phosphorylation on Ser-32 (H3S31ph) is specific to regions bordering centromeres in metaphase chromosomes.Ubiquitinated. Monoubiquitinated by RAG1 in lymphoid cells, monoubiquitination is required for V(D)J recombination (By similarity).Lysine deamination at Lys-5 (H3K4all) to form allysine is mediated by LOXL2. Allysine formation by LOXL2 only takes place on H3K4me3 and results in gene repression (PubMed:22483618).Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.Belongs to the histone H3 family.Histone H3 entry3D-structureAcetylationChromosomeCitrullinationComplete proteomeDirect protein sequencingDNA-bindingMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteomeUbl conjugationRL
MARTKQTARKSTGGKAPRKQLATKAARKSAPSTGGVKKPHRYRPGTVALREIRRYQKSTE
LLIRKLPFQRLVREIAQDFKTDLRFQSAAIGALQEASEAYLVGLFEDTNLCAIHAKRVTI
MPKDIQLARRIRGERA
Q6NXT2E9P281H3C_HUMANHistone H3.3CHistone H3.5H3F3CHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoH3.5 is a novel hominid-specific histone H3 variant that is specifically expressed in the seminiferous tubules of human testes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA]FUNCTIONTISSUE SPECIFICITYThe finished DNA sequence of human chromosome 12.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Quantitative interaction proteomics and genome-wide profiling of epigenetic histone marks and their readers.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-57 AND THR-80Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. Hominid-specific H3.5/H3F3C preferentially colocalizes with euchromatin, and it is associated with actively transcribed genes.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.P49321-2false3NucleusChromosomeSpecifically expressed in the seminiferous tubules of testis.Acetylation is generally linked to gene activation. Acetylation on Lys-10 (H3K9ac) impairs methylation at Arg-9 (H3R8me2s). Acetylation on Lys-19 (H3K18ac) and Lys-24 (H3K24ac) favors methylation at Arg-18 (H3R17me). Acetylation at Lys-122 (H3K122ac) by EP300/p300 plays a central role in chromatin structure: localizes at the surface of the histone octamer and stimulates transcription, possibly by promoting nucleosome instability (By similarity).Citrullination at Arg-9 (H3R8ci) and/or Arg-18 (H3R17ci) by PADI4 impairs methylation and represses transcription.Asymmetric dimethylation at Arg-18 (H3R17me2a) by CARM1 is linked to gene activation. Symmetric dimethylation at Arg-9 (H3R8me2s) by PRMT5 is linked to gene repression. Asymmetric dimethylation at Arg-3 (H3R2me2a) by PRMT6 is linked to gene repression and is mutually exclusive with H3 Lys-5 methylation (H3K4me2 and H3K4me3). H3R2me2a is present at the 3' of genes regardless of their transcription state and is enriched on inactive promoters, while it is absent on active promoters (By similarity).Methylation at Lys-5 (H3K4me) is linked to gene activation. Methylation at Lys-5 (H3K4me) facilitates subsequent acetylation of H3 and H4. Methylation at Lys-10 (H3K9me) and Lys-28 (H3K27me) are linked to gene repression. Methylation at Lys-10 (H3K9me) is a specific target for HP1 proteins (CBX1, CBX3 and CBX5) and prevents subsequent phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) and acetylation of H3 and H4. Methylation at Lys-5 (H3K4me) requires preliminary monoubiquitination of H2B at 'Lys-120'. Methylation at Lys-10 (H3K9me) and Lys-28 (H3K27me) are enriched in inactive X chromosome chromatin. Monomethylation at Lys-56 (H3K56me1) by EHMT2/G9A in G1 phase promotes interaction with PCNA and is required for DNA replication (By similarity).Phosphorylated at Thr-4 (H3T3ph) by GSG2/haspin during prophase and dephosphorylated during anaphase. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) by AURKB is crucial for chromosome condensation and cell-cycle progression during mitosis and meiosis. In addition phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) by RPS6KA4 and RPS6KA5 is important during interphase because it enables the transcription of genes following external stimulation, like mitogens, stress, growth factors or UV irradiation and result in the activation of genes, such as c-fos and c-jun. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph), which is linked to gene activation, prevents methylation at Lys-10 (H3K9me) but facilitates acetylation of H3 and H4. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) by AURKB mediates the dissociation of HP1 proteins (CBX1, CBX3 and CBX5) from heterochromatin. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) is also an essential regulatory mechanism for neoplastic cell transformation. Phosphorylated at Ser-29 (H3S28ph) by MLTK isoform 1, RPS6KA5 or AURKB during mitosis or upon ultraviolet B irradiation. Phosphorylation at Thr-7 (H3T6ph) by PRKCB is a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation that prevents demethylation of Lys-5 (H3K4me) by LSD1/KDM1A. At centromeres, specifically phosphorylated at Thr-12 (H3T11ph) from prophase to early anaphase, by DAPK3 and PKN1. Phosphorylation at Thr-12 (H3T11ph) by PKN1 is a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation that promotes demethylation of Lys-10 (H3K9me) by KDM4C/JMJD2C. Phosphorylation at Tyr-41 (H3Y41ph) by JAK2 promotes exclusion of CBX5 (HP1 alpha) from chromatin (By similarity).Lysine deamination at Lys-5 (H3K4all) to form allysine is mediated by LOXL2. Allysine formation by LOXL2 only takes place on H3K4me3 and results in gene repression (By similarity).Belongs to the histone H3 family.3D-structureAcetylationChromosomeCitrullinationComplete proteomeDNA-bindingMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinPolymorphismReference proteomeUbl conjugationHRAV
MARTKQTARKSTGGKAPRKQLATKAARKSTPSTCGVKPHRYRPGTVALREIRRYQKSTEL
LIRKLPFQRLVREIAQDFNTDLRFQSAAVGALQEASEAYLVGLLEDTNLCAIHAKRVTIM
PKDIQLARRIRGERA
Q99525H4G_HUMANHistone H4-like protein type GHIST1H4GH4/LH4FLHomo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoHuman histone gene organization: nonregular arrangement within a large cluster.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling (By similarity).The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA (By similarity).Q6RW13false3NucleusChromosomeBelongs to the histone H4 family.ChromosomeComplete proteomeDNA-bindingNucleosome coreNucleusReference proteome
MSVRGKAGKGLGKGGAKCHRKVLSDNIQGITKCTIRRLARHGGVKRILGLIYEETRRVFK
VFLENVIWYAVTNTEHAKRKTVTAMAVVYVLKRQGRTL
P62805A2VCL0P02304P02305Q6DRA9Q6FGB8Q6NWP7H4_HUMANHistone H4HIST1H4AH4/AH4FAHIST1H4BH4/IH4FIHIST1H4CH4/GH4FGHIST1H4DH4/BH4FBHIST1H4EH4/JH4FJHIST1H4FH4/CH4FCHIST1H4HH4/HH4FHHIST1H4IH4/MH4FMHIST1H4JH4/EH4FEHIST1H4KH4/DH4FDHIST1H4LH4/KH4FKHIST2H4AH4/NH4F2H4FNHIST2H4HIST2H4BH4/OH4FOHIST4H4Homo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoStructure and in vitro transcription of a human H4 histone gene.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Protein-DNA interactions in vivo upstream of a cell cycle-regulated human H4 histone gene.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Isolation and characterization of two human H1 histone genes within clusters of core histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Association of histone H4 genes with the mammalian testis-specific H1t histone gene.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Characterization of the H1.5 gene completes the set of human H1 subtype genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The human histone gene cluster at the D6S105 locus.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Human histone gene organization: nonregular arrangement within a large cluster.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]The human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] (HIST1H4A; HIST1H4B; HIST1H4C; HIST1H4D; HIST1H4E; HIST1H4F; HIST1H4H; HIST1H4I; HIST1H4J; HIST1H4K; HIST1H4L; HIST2H4A AND HIST4H4)A recurring translocation, t(3;6)(q27;p21), in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma results in replacement of the 5' regulatory region of BCL6 with a novel H4 histone gene.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Functional characterization of a human histone gene cluster duplication.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Cloning of human full open reading frames in Gateway(TM) system entry vector (pDONR201).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (HIST1H4F; HIST1H4H AND HIST2H4A)The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA] (HIST1H4A; HIST1H4B; HIST1H4C; HIST1H4D; HIST1H4E; HIST1H4F; HIST1H4H; HIST1H4I; HIST1H4J; HIST1H4K AND HIST1H4L)NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 25-36; 47-56; 61-78 AND 81-93IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRYHistone H4 acetylation distinguishes coding regions of the human genome from heterochromatin in a differentiation-dependent but transcription-independent manner.ACETYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-9; LYS-13 AND LYS-17A highly basic histone H4 domain bound to the sharply bent region of nucleosomal DNA.DNA-BINDING REGIONHistone H4 acetylation in human cells. Frequency of acetylation at different sites defined by immunolabeling with site-specific antibodies.ACETYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-9; LYS-13 AND LYS-17Methylation of histone H4 at arginine 3 occurs in vivo and is mediated by the nuclear receptor coactivator PRMT1.METHYLATION AT ARG-4Methylation of histone H4 at arginine 3 facilitating transcriptional activation by nuclear hormone receptor.METHYLATION AT ARG-4Characterization of t(3;6)(q27;p21) breakpoints in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and construction of the histone H4/BCL6 fusion gene, leading to altered expression of Bcl-6.INVOLVEMENT IN B-CELL NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMACHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATION WITH BCL6PR-Set7 is a nucleosome-specific methyltransferase that modifies lysine 20 of histone H4 and is associated with silent chromatin.METHYLATION AT LYS-21Histone sumoylation is associated with transcriptional repression.SUMOYLATIONHuman PAD4 regulates histone arginine methylation levels via demethylimination.CITRULLINATION AT ARG-4METHYLATION AT ARG-4SET8 recognizes the sequence RHRK20VLRDN within the N terminus of histone H4 and mono-methylates lysine 20.METHYLATION AT LYS-21Immunoaffinity profiling of tyrosine phosphorylation in cancer cells.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT TYR-52IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-48IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Histone H3 and H4 ubiquitylation by the CUL4-DDB-ROC1 ubiquitin ligase facilitates cellular response to DNA damage.UBIQUITINATIONStructural basis for histone N-terminal recognition by human peptidylarginine deiminase 4.CITRULLINATION AT ARG-4Certain and progressive methylation of histone H4 at lysine 20 during the cell cycle.ACETYLATION AT SER-2; LYS-13 AND LYS-17PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-2METHYLATION AT LYS-21A quantitative atlas of mitotic phosphorylation.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-48IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]BBAP monoubiquitylates histone H4 at lysine 91 and selectively modulates the DNA damage response.ACETYLATION AT LYS-92UBIQUITINATION AT LYS-92Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of T cell receptor signaling reveals system-wide modulation of protein-protein interactions.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-48IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions.ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT LYS-6; LYS-9; LYS-13; LYS-17 AND LYS-32IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Quantitative phosphoproteomics reveals widespread full phosphorylation site occupancy during mitosis.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-48 AND TYR-52IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Initial characterization of the human central proteome.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Identification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.CROTONYLATION AT LYS-6; LYS-9 AND LYS-13Phosphorylation of H4 Ser 47 promotes HIRA-mediated nucleosome assembly.PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-48System-wide temporal characterization of the proteome and phosphoproteome of human embryonic stem cell differentiation.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-48IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Toward a comprehensive characterization of a human cancer cell phosphoproteome.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-48IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome.PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-48 AND TYR-89IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Uncovering global SUMOylation signaling networks in a site-specific manner.SUMOYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT LYS-13IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]N-terminome analysis of the human mitochondrial proteome.IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]Alteration of the nucleosomal DNA path in the crystal structure of a human nucleosome core particle.X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (2.5 ANGSTROMS)The consensus coding sequences of human breast and colorectal cancers.VARIANT [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] GLN-64Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.Q9Y294false4Q12830false3Q12830-4false16P25440false5O60885-1false7P55201false8P49450false4Q9NQ92false3P45481true2P84243false3O14929false4Q13547false3P68431false3Q9H9V9false3O75164false7Q9Y468false4P49736false3P25205false2P33992false2Q9BVI0false3A8MW92false2O14744false3Q16576false4Q9NQR1false5Q9VK33true10Q8IUQ4false3O60264false2Q04724false6Q12888false8P63104false3NucleusChromosomeAcetylation at Lys-6 (H4K5ac), Lys-9 (H4K8ac), Lys-13 (H4K12ac) and Lys-17 (H4K16ac) occurs in coding regions of the genome but not in heterochromatin.Citrullination at Arg-4 (H4R3ci) by PADI4 impairs methylation.Monomethylation and asymmetric dimethylation at Arg-4 (H4R3me1 and H4R3me2a, respectively) by PRMT1 favors acetylation at Lys-9 (H4K8ac) and Lys-13 (H4K12ac). Demethylation is performed by JMJD6. Symmetric dimethylation on Arg-4 (H4R3me2s) by the PRDM1/PRMT5 complex may play a crucial role in the germ-cell lineage.Monomethylated, dimethylated or trimethylated at Lys-21 (H4K20me1, H4K20me2, H4K20me3). Monomethylation is performed by SET8. Trimethylation is performed by KMT5B and KMT5C and induces gene silencing.Phosphorylated by PAK2 at Ser-48 (H4S47ph). This phosphorylation increases the association of H3.3-H4 with the histone chaperone HIRA, thus promoting nucleosome assembly of H3.3-H4 and inhibiting nucleosome assembly of H3.1-H4.Ubiquitinated by the CUL4-DDB-RBX1 complex in response to ultraviolet irradiation. This may weaken the interaction between histones and DNA and facilitate DNA accessibility to repair proteins. Monoubiquitinated at Lys-92 of histone H4 (H4K91ub1) in response to DNA damage. The exact role of H4K91ub1 in DNA damage response is still unclear but it may function as a licensing signal for additional histone H4 post-translational modifications such as H4 Lys-21 methylation (H4K20me).Sumoylated, which is associated with transcriptional repression.Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.Chromosomal aberrations involving HISTONE H4 is a cause of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-cell NHL). Translocation t(3;6)(q27;p21), with BCL6.Belongs to the histone H4 family.3D-structureAcetylationChromosomal rearrangementChromosomeCitrullinationComplete proteomeDirect protein sequencingDNA-bindingIsopeptide bondMethylationNucleosome coreNucleusPhosphoproteinPolymorphismReference proteomeUbl conjugationEQVAAP
MSGRGKGGKGLGKGGAKRHRKVLRDNIQGITKPAIRRLARRGGVKRISGLIYEETRGVLK
VFLENVIRDAVTYTEHAKRKTVTAMDVVYALKRQGRTLYGFGG
P60008HILS1_HUMANSpermatid-specific linker histone H1-like proteinHILS1Homo sapiensHumanEukaryotaMetazoaChordataCraniataVertebrataEuteleostomiMammaliaEutheriaEuarchontogliresPrimatesHaplorrhiniCatarrhiniHominidaeHomoHILS1 is a spermatid-specific linker histone H1-like protein implicated in chromatin remodeling during mammalian spermiogenesis.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA]CHARACTERIZATIONDNA-binding protein that may be implicated in chromatin remodeling and/or transcriptional regulation during spermiogenesis, the process of spermatid maturation into spermatozoa.NucleusChromosomeExpressed exclusively in the testis.Belongs to the histone H1/H5 family.Contains 1 H15 (linker histone H1/H5 globular) domain.Chromatin regulatorChromosomeComplete proteomeDevelopmental proteinDifferentiationDNA-bindingNucleusPhosphoproteinReference proteomeSpermatogenesisTranscriptionTranscription regulation
MLHASTIWHLRSTPPRRKQWGHCDPHRILVASEVTTEITSPTPAPRAQVCGGQPWVTVLD
PLSGHTGREAERHFATVSISAVELKYCHGWRPAGQRVPSKTATGQRTCAKPCQKPSTSKV
ILRAVADKGTCKYVSLATLKKAVSTTGYDMARNAYHFKRVLKGLVDKGSAGSFTLGKKQA
SKSKLKVKRQRQQRWRSGQRPFGQHRSLLGSKQGHKRLIKGVRRVAKCHCN
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